Using information from the ECB's Bank Lending Survey, we examine how the implementation of borrower-based macroprudential measures (BBMs) between 2009-Q1 and 2023-Q3 affected mortgage lending standards in a sample of 15 euro area countries. We find that banks generally tightened credit standards...

Under which conditions do usability constraints for regulatory capital buffers emerge? To answer this question, we build a non-linear structural banking sector model with a minimum capital requirement that banks are not allowed to breach, and a capital buffer requirement (CBR) that banks can...

This study examines the systemic operational risk in Morocco's banking sector using a Panel VAR model based on data from three banks over ten years. The model includes real GDP, interbank rate (TMP), and bank credit, alongside indicators of operational, credit, and liquidity risks. The Impulse...

Motivated by the coexistence of retail and wholesale banks with distinct risk profiles under uniform capital regulation, and by the lack of quantitative evidence on whether differentiated capital requirements can reduce bank runs and interbank frictions in low-income monetary unions, this paper...

We calibrate a lifecycle portfolio-choice model of homeowners facing uninsurable income risk to show that tax deductions for mortgage interest payments and voluntary pension contributions have sizable effects on household portfolios and macroprudential risks. The deductions reduce the after-tax...

Following a request to the Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre (CARTAC), a mission was held from July 7 to 10, 2025, in Belmopan and Belize City to assist the Belize Financial Services Commission (FSC) with prudential regulation and supervision of securities firms. The mission...

We calibrate a lifecycle portfolio-choice model of homeowners facing uninsurable income risk to show that tax deductions for mortgage interest payments and voluntary pension contributions have sizable effects on household portfolios and macroprudential risks. The deductions reduce the after-tax...

Since 2014, several countries have implemented the Basel III countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) to enhance the banking sector's resilience against risks arising from excessive credit growth. We analyze the CCyB decision-making process of macroprudential authorities across Europe. Our findings...

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between interest and noninterest income at Azer Turk Bank using quarterly data from 2016Q1-2024Q3. Unit root tests including Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS), and Fourier-KPSS indicate that both variables are...

In this paper, we revisit the scope for macroprudential policy in production economies with pecuniary externalities and collateral constraints. We study competitive equilibria and constrained-efficient equilibria and examine the extent to which the gap between the two depends on the production...

We propose a macroprudential theory of foreign reserve accumulation that can rationalize the secular trends in public and private international capital flows. In middle-income countries, the increase in international reserves has been associated with elevated private capital inflows, both in the...

Macroprudential policies are a key policy tool for financial regulators, but concerns persist that these policies restrict access to homeownership. I examine this concern using crosscountry data on homeownership for 28 countries. I find little evidence that macroprudential policies reduce...

This paper investigates the effectiveness of macroprudential policy across different phases of macro-financial cycles. Utilizing a panel threshold vector autoregression (PT-VAR) model, the study evaluates the asymmetric impacts of capital-based and borrower-based regulatory tools under varying...

This paper argues that the European macroprudential regime has evolved into a complex architecture of buffers, national discretion, and instrument-specific controls due to persistent doubts regarding the credibility of the EU bank resolution regime. Moreover, macroprudential controls are...

This paper examines the interplay between macroprudential policy, monetary policy and the non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI) sector, drawing on recent research and zooming in particularly on evidence from the euro area.2 It documents the growth in the NBFI sector over the past two decades...

We study the effects of movements in aggregate lending standards on macroeconomic aggregates and inequality. We show in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous households and housing that a looser loan-to-value (LTV) ratio stimulates housing demand, nondurable consumption, and output. Our model...

We study the effects of movements in aggregate lending standards on macroeconomic aggregates and inequality. We show in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous households and housing that a looser loan-to-value (LTV) ratio stimulates housing demand, nondurable consumption, and output. Our model...

The growing role of nonbanks in corporate credit intermediation raises important but underexplored questions about how both monetary policy (MP) and macroprudential policies (MaPP) affect lending and the real economy. Using syndicated loan data, we examine the joint impact of MP and MaPP shocks...

This technical note focuses on macroprudential policy framework and tools as part of the Slovak Republic's Financial Sector Assessment Program. The institutional framework for macroprudential policy in Slovakia aligns broadly with the IMF guidance for effective macroprudential policymaking. The...

The IMF Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre (CARTAC) conducted a technical assistance (TA) mission in Curaçao and Sint Maarten from October 3 to October 12, 2023. The mission aimed to support the Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten (CBCS) in enhancing its Financial Stability...