Monetary targeting served as a useful tool for conducting monetary policy until 1980s, but the instability in the relationship between money and nominal income led to its abandonment by most economies. One way of measuring this relationship is money velocity, defined as the ratio of nominal...

This chapter analyzes the utility of the cycle of money without escaping savings. The examination of the utility of the cycle of money without escaping savings is plausible through the utility of companies and the utility of the authorities. Then, in this scrutiny a simple system of derivatives...

The rise of inflation in 2021 and 2022 surprised many macroeconomists who ignored the earlier surge in money growth because past instability in the demand for simple-sum monetary aggregates had made these aggregates unreliable indicators. We find that the demand for more theoretically-based...

This paper is about the comparison of the velocity of the cycle of money with the velocity of financial liquidity in the case of mixed savings. This analysis is based on the cycle of money in combination with the velocity of maximum escaped savings with the velocity of financial liquidity with...

This article provides a macro-foundation for why the specific value of 2% is a valid inflation target. The approach postulates that innovations generate transactional cost savings by comparison to barter. The optimal velocity of money is derived as a function of productivity growth and of...

Little is known about the relationship between distribution and market share in the wine category. Understanding the influences of product and distribution characteristics at the SKU-level and incorporating them into marketing strategy and planning has important managerial and academic...

The Taylor (1993) rule for determining interest rates is generalized to account for three additional variables: The money supply, money velocity, and the unemployment rate. Thus, five parameters, i.e. weights assigned to the deviation in the inflation rate, the deviation in real GDP (Gross...

A Smoluchowski type model of coagulation in a turbulent fluid is given, first expressed by means of a stochastic model, then in a suitable scaling limit as a deterministic model with enhanced diffusion in the velocity component. A precise link between mean intensity of the turbulent velocity...

The dynamic of money velocity has changed gradually, influencing how macroeconomic shocks affect money velocity. This paper examines the response of money velocity to the external shocks in a system of equations, where money velocity, real output growth, money growth volatility, expected...

Blockchain technology offers firms a novel method of raising capital, via so-called Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). In the most novel form of an ICO, a firm creates digital assets called “utility tokens” that are tracked on a blockchain-based ledger; requires that its product be purchased...

Is credit as closely related to income as is money? Results presented in the first half of this paper, based on a variety of methodological approaches, consistently indicate that the aggregate of outstanding credit liabilities of all nonfinancial borrowers in the United States bears as close a...

This paper characterizes the relationship between monetary aggregates, inflation and economic activity in Switzerland since the mid-1970s. Traditional forms of money demand and quantity theory relationships have remained stable over the whole period. Broad money excesses over trend values,...

The objective of the study is to examine the fiscal determinants of Income velocity of Money for some selected South Asian Countries. For that purpose, time series data from 1991 to 2012 is combined with cross sections of 5 South Asian Countries like Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri...

In future connected vehicle environment, the information of multiple vehicles ahead can be readily collected in real-time, such as the velocity or headway, which provides more opportunities for information exchange and cooperative control. Meanwhile, gyroidal roads are one of fundamental road...

The probability distribution function (PDF) of the lift-off velocities of Aeolian (windblown) sand particles – i.e., the velocities with which the particles rebound or are ejected from the bed owing to a granular-bed collision – is an important parameter in models of sediment transport and...

The probability distribution function (PDF) of the lift-off velocities of Aeolian (windblown) sand particles – i.e., the velocities with which the particles rebound or are ejected from the bed owing to a granular-bed collision – is an important parameter in models of sediment transport and...

The flow velocity of exhaust gas from an industrial stack varies from facility to facility and can easily change over time, even in a stack. To accurately measure the concentration of fine particles such as PM 10 or PM 2.5 emitted in such environments, the conditions for isokinetic sampling must...

Velocity boundary layer exists near the fuel rod surface in the fuel assembly due to the viscous effects. The boundary layer forms the main thermal resistance for heat transfer between the rod and the coolant since the momentum and energy transport is weak. In order to investigate the flow...

The heat dissipation problem of chips with high heat flux turns out to be increasingly severe. The inability of the chips to effectively cool down has significantly limited their working performance, and the issue of efficient heat dissipation should be managed urgently. In this study, an...

This study analyzes the effect of droplet temperature on terminal velocity in digital microfluidic (DMF) devices. Five dielectric materials were tested to investigate this effect for different materials. Results show that terminal droplet velocity was found to increase with increasing...

Previous evidence, most recently by Bordo and Jonung (1990) and Silclos (1988b, 1991), has shown on a country-by-country basis that proxies for institutional change significantly improve our understanding of the long-run behaviour of velocity and. consequently, of the demand for money. If...

The interaction of debt and economic performance has been getting more at-tention over the last few years. However, models making provision for debt are still out-numbered by models completely ignoring it. This paper is the first one to analyze therelationship between household debt (in the form...

The effect of blade depth ratio and fluid velocity on the power production of a deep flow in-stream undershot water wheel was investigated experimentally in a recirculating water channel. The power output of the turbine was determined using a load cell and Hall effect sensor. This method allowed...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MODERN MAINSTREAM MACROECONOMIC THOUGHT VERSUS KEYNES’ VIEWS ON RECOVERIES FROM RECESSIONS -- CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW OF MAJOR SCHOOLS OF MACROECONOMIC THOUGHT AND EMPIRICAL WORK -- CHAPTER 3: RESULTS FROM ESTIMATING AND PROJECTING TRENDS FOR RECENT RECESSIONS...

The paper estimates a long-run demand function for M1, using U.S. data for 1959-1993. This paper interprets deviations from this long-run relation with Goldfeld's partial adjustment model. A key innovation is the choice of the interest rate in the money demand function. Most previous work uses a...

This paper provides evidence and an explanation for an empirical regularity in the income velocity of money. Based on a cross country comparison in the post World War II period of 84 countries arrayed from very low to very high per capita income, velocity displays a U shaped pattern. This...

A number of recent studies have concluded that velocity for the United States for the past century displays the characteristics of a random walk without drift. In this study, we confirm this result for four other countries for which we have over a century of data -- Canada, the United Kingdom,...

"Financial crisis" is sometimes regarded as synonymous with "economic crisis", but this is an oversimplification and risks missing the feedback loops between the financial and real economies. In this paper, the role of money is revisited in the context of distinguishing the real economy from the...

This paper develops a simple general equilibrium model of a monetary economy with a capital market, in which monetary demand arises from a "cash-in-advance" constraint rather than from any direct role in the utility function. Uncertainty gives rise to a meaningful portfolio choice between money...

This paper documents the analytical work that was carried out for the 2001 review of the assumption for the trend in M3 income velocity used to calculate the reference value for M3 growth. We analyze the medium-term trend in velocity using univariate time series tools and different money demand...

Aim: Both the Keynesian and the Fisherian channels of sovereign money growth have slowed down significantly in the decade following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). This, together with the rise of fintech, privately issued unbacked crypto-assets tried to fill this void. These developments have...

In this paper we provide evidence using annual data for the period 1880 to 1986 that institutional variables are significant determinants of velocity in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden and Norway. This evidence supplements our earlier findings (Bordo and Jonung, Cambridge...

The era of Big Data has provided business organisations opportunities to improve their management processes. This developmental paper is adopting a mixed-method research approach where qualitative data will underpin a quantitative questionnaire. The early insights are based on an initial eleven...

The rise of inflation in 2021 and 2022 surprised many macroeconomists who ignored the earlier surge in money growth because past instability in the demand for simple-sum monetary aggregates had made these aggregates unreliable indicators. We find that the demand for more theoretically-based...