Georgien befindet sich an einer Weggabelung: innenpolitisch durch den Rückbau demokratischer Errungenschaften, außenpolitisch durch eine Rekonfiguration seiner Außenbeziehungen. Beeinflusst werden diese Dynamiken durch geopolitische Disruptionen in der Region und auf globaler Ebene. Im Umgang...

A strong private sector is critical for growth, jobs, and development. Yet many developing economies still face barriers to becoming truly supportive environments for the private sector. Despite these constraints, two economies -Rwanda (a low-income country) and Georgia (an upper-middle-income...

The Public Finance Review (PFR) for Georgia looks at the contribution of fiscal policy to inclusive and sustainable growth by assessing the country's macro-fiscal performance and policy framework, and by undertaking deep-dive analyses on the quality of the tax and education systems in Georgia....

This report describes the bioeconomy policy developments in Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Türkiye and Ukraine, associated to the Horizon Europe Framework Programme. The work extends the geographic coverage of the...

Technical assistance (TA) was provided to the National Statistics Office of Georgia (Geostat) during December 2-6, 2024 to extend the scope and coverage of the residential property price index (RPPI) using web-scraped data. This was the latest mission to Georgia in a series since 2018 to...

The Georgian Green Growth Strategy (G3S), based on a model of sustainable development, should be inclusive and allow Georgia to efficiently and sustainably manage its natural resources, minimize pollution and environmental impact, and increase resilience to climate change. Key objectives should...

This Country Program Evaluation assesses the performance and effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Georgia in achieving the country's development objectives. In the decade leading up to the evaluation period, Georgia pursued economic reforms to attract critical investments for...

In the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections in Belarus and the ensuing political crisis, many women were forced into exile. This article explores how Belarusian women continue their engagement in political, socio-cultural, and economic initiatives abroad, often beyond the traditional...

From Tbilisi to Yerevan, adversarial narratives are gaining ground in the digital sphere, increasingly targeting the European Union. While the EU maintains a solid digital footprint in Georgia and Armenia, an innovative approach to digital diplomacy, based on AI-enhanced social listening, can...

From Tbilisi to Yerevan, adversarial narratives are gaining ground in the digital sphere, increasingly targeting the European Union. While the EU maintains a solid digital footprint in Georgia and Armenia, an innovative approach to digital diplomacy, based on AI-enhanced social listening, can...

Georgien befindet sich an einer Weggabelung: innenpolitisch durch den Rückbau demokratischer Errungenschaften, außenpolitisch durch eine Rekonfiguration seiner Außenbeziehungen. Beeinflusst werden diese Dynamiken durch geopolitische Disruptionen in der Region und auf globaler Ebene. Im Umgang...

Georgia has made impressive economic progress over the past two decades, achieving strong and resilient economic growth and development despite numerous external and domestic shocks. This Fiscal Incidence Analysis (FIA) report serves as a baseline for evaluating current fiscal policy and...

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to healthcare in Georgia. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in the European Union (EU)+ countries.

The three South Caucasus economies - Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - have performed relatively well since the COVID-19 pandemic, benefiting from certain spillovers of Russia's war against Ukraine. The oil importers Armenia and Georgia achieved double-digit GDP growth in 2022 - 12.6% and 11.0%,...

In 2024, the World Bank Education Team in Georgia, under the analytical activity - Strengthening Higher Education and Research in South Caucasus, issued a call for policy research papers. The objective was to gain insights into existing challenges within the higher education sector from the...

This OeNB Report is divided into two sections. Section 1 focuses on macroprudential policies in the Western Balkan countries. It takes a closer look at how macroprudential policies have evolved since 2020 in this part of Europe. Section 2 presents country reports on recent economic developments...

The technical mission aimed to strengthen the cyber risk regulation and supervision, and testing for the National Bank of Georgia (NBG). The mission focused on (i) an assessment of NBG's cyber risk regulation, (ii) an assessment of cyber risk supervisory arrangements of NBG, (iii) assisting in...

This technical assistance (TA) mission on Government Finance Statistics (GFS) was conducted in Georgia during April 26 - May 24, 2021. The main purpose of the mission was to assist the authorities in extending GFS coverage to include non-market State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and aligning fiscal...

This technical assistance (TA) mission on Government Finance Statistics (GFS) was conducted in Georgia during January 16- 27, 2023. The main purpose of the mission was to assist the authorities in extending GFS coverage to include non-market State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and aligning fiscal...

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has accelerated global dynamics that profoundly impact the post-Soviet South. Relations with Russia are still strong, but the former subalterns are raising their voices. The empowerment is most visible in their foreign relations, but also tends to strengthen...

Evidence on how digital technologies, such as online health information platforms, affect the doctorpatient relationship in general, and the diagnosis and treatment of patients in particular, is still limited. In this study, we explore the effects of alternative information from an online source...

The dynamics of Austria's economic relations with the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine - and with Russia have deviated from those of the EU in several important ways. During the decade preceding the war in Ukraine, Austrian trade...

The US dollar has been an integral part of everyday life and political-economic order in Georgia for more than three decades. Thinking and planning in two currencies - the Georgian lari and the dollar - is common not only for local companies and the government but also for households. The dollar...

Georgia's economic performance remains robust. Growth has moderated from double digits but remains high, inflation is low, and fiscal and financial buffers are healthy. EU candidate status has boosted sentiment, but the global environment remains highly uncertain due to ongoing conflicts and...

This CD engagement covered two distinct areas to help the National Bank of Georgia (NBG) deliver on its price stability mandate, it: 1) provided a forward-looking analysis of the NBG's balance sheet to assess its policy solvency and to help institutionalize such a process, and 2) outlined a...

This report updates the Fiscal Transparency Evaluation for Georgia published in 2017. Over the past six years, Georgia has taken significant steps to address the transparency gaps identified in the 2017 assessment. Fiscal reporting has become more comprehensive through an increased coverage of...

Since 25 June 2024, the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) have been engaging in accession negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova. The EU wants and needs to provide a strategic response to new geopolitical challenges, especially the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. At the same...

Evidence on how digital technologies, such as online health information platforms, affect the doctor-patient relationship in general, and the diagnosis and treatment of patients in particular, is still limited. In this study, we explore the effects of alternative information from an online...

Now that the European Council has given the green light to opening EU accession negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova, it is clear that the Union is no longer simply showing symbolic solidarity with neighbours invaded or threatened by Russia. Rather, a new chapter of enlargement policy is...

High-quality childcare services are vital to children's development and family wellbeing but are not equitably accessed by all children. Programs supported by the Child Care Development Fund (CCDF) have the potential to reduce these inequities. Economically eligible Black children use...

In this paper, we use survey data from the South Caucasus countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) to document the presence of gender gaps in the labor market and examine its consequences. To do the analysis, we use a numerical general-equilibrium occupational choice model with heterogeneous...

Konnektivität, besonders im Transportbereich, ist mit Blick auf den Südkaukasus während der letzten Jahre zu einem allgegenwärtigen Thema avanciert. Auch in der EU-Politik vis-à-vis der Region spielt Transportkonnektivität eine zentrale Rolle. Im Rahmen ihrer Global-Gateway-Initiative hat...

Connectivity, especially in the transport sector, has become a ubiquitous issue in the South Caucasus in recent years. Transport connectivity also plays a central role in the European Union's policy towards the region. As part of its Global Gateway Initiative, the EU has made a commitment that...

Der außenpolitische Ansatz der georgischen Regierungspartei - eine pragmatische Politik vis-à-vis Moskau bei Fortführung des Kurses euroatlantischer Integration -, stößt im Kontext von Russlands Vollinvasion der Ukraine an seine Grenzen. Gleichzeitig greifen in Georgien Außen- und...

Sollte der Europäische Rat im Dezember oder später grünes Licht dafür geben, EU-Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Ukraine und Moldau zu eröffnen, dann geht es nicht mehr nur um symbolische Solidarität mit einem von Russland überfallenen bzw. bedrohten Nachbarn. Vielmehr beginnt im Schatten...

Georgia's polarised domestic politics and slow reforms have complicated its relationship with the EU. Autumn 2023 will be a pivotal period for the nation, as the EU will then decide about its candidacy status. While Georgia's full compliance with the EU's 12 recommendations is doubtful,...

Using unique survey data from Georgia, Mongolia, and the Philippines, we examine gender gaps in entrepreneurship. The overall incidence of entrepreneurship is highest in Cavite, Philippines, while the gender gap in ownership is highest in Mongolia. On average, enterprises operated by men have...

Since the release of the first Georgia Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) in 2018 Georgia has regained upper middle-income status and has shown resilience amid a rapidly changing external environment. Economic growth has remained robust despite shocks, driven by capital accumulation. Consistent...

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the governments of many countries adopted measures to support the population during the lockdowns and periods of reduced economic activity. In the Republic of Georgia, in April 2020 the government announced that it would pay the electricity bills of residential...

This report is based on the findings from two focused After-Action reviews (AARs) in Norway and Georgia that discussed the use of evidence in the advice-making process for long-term care facilities (LTCFs) during the start of the COVID-19 Omicron wave in early 2022. Both countries responded to a...