In response to Russiaʼs full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union (EU) and its allies imposed broad export bans against Russia. Besides exerting economic pressure on the aggressor, a central objective was to cut Russia off from critical technologies needed to produce...

In April and in October 2025 China imposed export controls on rare earths amid escalating trade tensions with the United States. Although these measures were too short-lived to generate macroeconomic effects, they signalled China's ability to draw on its dominant position in the rare earth...

Export controls play a prominent role in the ongoing technological race between the United States and China. This study investigates the short-term direct effects of US export controls on US exports as well as the indirect effects of these measures on the exports of third countries. We collect...

This Policy Brief examines economic experts' expectations about the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty, based on the 2025Q2 and 2025Q3 waves of the Economic Expert Survey (EES). The survey collected responses from over 600 economists across EU member states and...

This Policy Brief examines economic expertsʼ expectations about the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty, based on the 2025Q2 and 2025Q3 waves of the Economic Expert Survey (EES). The survey collected responses from over 600 economists across EU member states and...

The rapid growth of international retail e-commerce has drawn scrutiny to the US de minimis rule, which exempts low-value imports from tariffs. This paper analyzes how the rule shapes the small-value e-commerce trade. We examine whether tariff increases during the 2018-2019 US-China trade war...

Parallel imports are genuine products imported into the United Kingdom without the consent of the intellectual property (IP) rights holder, often taking place when there is a price or availability difference between markets. Parallel import restrictions (PIRs) allow producers to control...

The Indonesian government faces a persistent conundrum: on one hand, it wants to help industries access affordable raw materials, including through imports. On the other hand, it faces pressure to protect domestic farmers and industries. To address this challenge, the Indonesian government...

The Indonesian government faces a persistent conundrum: on one hand, it wants to help industries access affordable raw materials, including through imports. On the other hand, it faces pressure to protect domestic farmers and industries. To address this challenge, the Indonesian government...

The government's intention to create a fair e-commerce ecosystem for MSMEs by restricting imports through e-commerce has failed to achieve its original goals. While its positive impact remains unseen, it has closed the channels for some MSMEs to access foreign supplies. Instead of closing the...

Amid the current U.S.-China technological race, the U.S. has imposed export controls to deny China access to strategic technologies. We document that these measures prompted a broad-based decoupling of U.S. and Chinese supply chains. Once their Chinese customers are subject to export controls,...

We estimate the macroeconomic effects of import tariffs and trade policy uncertainty in the United States, combining theory-consistent and narrative sign restrictions in Bayesian SVARs. We find mostly adverse consequences of protectionism, in aggregate and across sectors and regions. Tariff...

This study empirically investigates the impact of recent US export controls on China on South Korea's semiconductor exports. We analyze South Korean export data to shed light on the repercussions of US export restrictions on a third country. Our findings reveal a significant decline in Korean...

The escalation of broad export controls by the US, under the guise of national security and the aim to curb technological transfers to potential adversaries,1 marks a new epoch of bureaucratic oversight. The US push for broad export controls also underscores a critical juncture in US-EU...

The Export Control Handbook for Chemicals (2023 edition) contains a detailed mapping of chemicals, around 2000, subject to export controls (restrictions, or prohibitions under sanctions) because of their inclusion in various EU regulations, or the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty. Each...

The Export Control Handbook for Chemicals (2023 edition) contains a detailed mapping of chemicals, around 2000, subject to export controls (restrictions, or prohibitions under sanctions) because of their inclusion in various EU regulations, or the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty. Each...

Measures such as prohibitions, export licences and restrictions assist in risk management and the regulation of trade in controlled and sensitive goods. They are established pursuant to international agreements and conventions on protecting people and the environment, on controlling drugs and...

Senegal banned all imports of uncooked poultry meat in 2006 in response to Avian Influenza outbreaks in many exporting countries. This paper investigates the effects of the import ban on domestic chicken meat production and the performance of Senegal's broiler farms. To do so, we employ various...

This paper addresses the issue of export licensing procedures in the WTO context. It aims to contribute to the understanding of the existing rules applicable to export licensing in the WTO, and what the development of specific disciplines would mean to international trade. The paper looks at the...

Data on global trade as well as capital and labor flows indicate a slowdown, but not reversal, of globalization post the 2008-09 financial crisis. Yet profound changes in the policy environment and public sentiment in the largest economies over the past five years suggest the beginning of a new...