This paper examines the rise of fintech lending in Indonesia, using a dataset of more than 139,000 individual credit records representative of the full spectrum of consumer loans in the country. The analysis reveals that fintech lending has become deeply embedded in Indonesia’s financial...

Indonesia’s services sector has emerged as a key driver of economic growth and employment. Services have also been the driving force of global trade and investment. Advances in technology are expected to further improve the tradability of services, creating new opportunities for Indonesia....

Informality and job quality are among Indonesia’s most pivotal development challenges. Indonesia’s pace of formalization has consistently lagged economic growth, leaving large swaths of society outside the reach of regulation and social protection. This report is one of a three-part series...

We estimate the causal effect of access to clean water sources on educational outcomes in Indonesia. Using the longitudinal Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel dataset, which follows the same individuals from 1993 to 2014, and applying household fixed effects allows us to identify the...

Which poverty context matters for long-term outcomes-family or community, economic or social? We construct a measure of poverty along these dimensions and analyze individual-level longitudinal data spanning 21 years in Indonesia to examine the long-term outcomes associated with different types...

Rural poverty and unemployment remain persistent challenges in Indonesia, particularly in regions where agricultural development is uneven and land conversion accelerates socio-economic disparities. These conditions are highly relevant because rural areas serve as the backbone of food security,...

Dynamic pricing strategy is a well-known method for utility pricing used in many parts of the world and is rapidly growing in trend due to its ability to adjust utility pricing to the utmost real-time calculations. One such method is what we call Time-of-Use (TOU), a strategy that adjusted...

This study investigates how authentic leadership facilitates innovation within the bureaucratic structure of Indonesian State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), focusing on psychological empowerment as a mediating mechanism and leader personal power as a moderating factor. A cross-sectional survey was...

The rise of the middle classes in the Global South plays a key role in global development arguments characterized by "converging divergence," where there are decreasing inequalities between countries and increasing inequalities within countries. The concept of the middle class in the social...

This study investigates the extent of carbon emission disclosure practices among Indonesian firms and examines the key factors influencing Carbon Emission Disclosure. The research analyzes all non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2016 to 2022, focusing on...

This study explores the critical role of cultural adaptation in digital marketing strategies employed by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Java, Indonesia, within the context of a rapidly digitizing marketplace and shifting consumer behaviors. The research employs a systematic...

Despite growing interest in circular economy (CE) practices, the mechanisms for improving financial performance in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) remain underexplored, especially in developing economies. This study examines how CE practices enhance financial performance, both directly and...

As the world's fourth most populous country, Indonesia presents challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy progress, offering a critical context to investigate green human development (GHD). This study uniquely contributes to the literature by employing the planetary pressures-adjusted...

Nickel is essential for producing iron and steel. Endowed with the world's largest reserve, Indonesia banned nickel exports in 2014 to promote industrialization. This paper studies the impacts of the export ban on downstream steel-using industries. A three-sector model shows that, while the...

Indonesia's housing sector stands at the front line of a changing climate. The country is highly vulnerable to rising heat, intense rainfall, sea-level rise, and seismic events. Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, Indonesia faces some of the highest seismic risks in the world, with frequent...

The Country Opinion Survey in Indonesia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Indonesia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private...

Geographic disparities in health outcomes persist across Indonesia, fueled in part by inequities in the physical access to and quality of health services. This note deploys a novel model to assess spatial patterns of accessibility of public primary care in Indonesia. It focuses on access to...

Indonesia’s economy continues to demonstrate resilience amid heightened global uncertainty. Real GDP growth held at 5.0 percent year-on-year over the first three quarters of 2025, supported by robust investment and a notable, albeit temporary, contribution from net exports, which benefited...

The incorporation of financial technology (FinTech) into contemporary business development has emerged as a critical factor for small medium enterprises (SMEs), which contribute to their viability. In light of the significant collaboration between Hungary and Indonesia, this research endeavors...

This study investigates the determinants that drive the volatility of the credit default swaps (CDS) of BRICIT (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Indonesia, and Turkey) nations as a proxy measure for sovereign risk. On the existence of cointegration, an unrestricted error correction model integrated...

This study investigates the influence of entrepreneurial leadership, knowledge management, and digital capability on entrepreneurial performance in Indonesia's education sector while also examining the mediating role of value co-creation. Grounded in the Resource-Based Theory, Capability Theory,...

This study aims to analyze the typology of regional inequality in Indonesia and the opportunity for regional inequality shifts due to changes in independent variables. The analysis method is carried out using the Williamson index and the Theil index. Furthermore, multinomial logit regression...

Accurate forecasting of future electricity demand is crucial for effective power sector planning. However, such forecasting is sensitive to key variables influenced by high degree of uncertainty. While regression-based models are widely used, they often overlook new electrification potentials...