The Pax Americana, which guaranteed the security of Germany and Europe after the Second World War, is coming to an end. Europe can no longer rely on its alliance and partnership with the United States. Even before Donald Trump’s second presidency, Europe was seeking to reduce its dependency on...

This article analyses aspects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in its international context from a game theory perspective, with particular attention to the possible use of the brinkmanship strategy by US President Donald Trump.

The security situation in Europe and Germany has fundamentally changed, particularly due to Russia's war of aggression and the declining reliability of transatlantic security guarantees. At the same time, the global race for technological supremacy is intensifying. Germany must now initiate a...

The member states of the European Union are once again arguing about money. More specifically, they are arguing about how much they want to spend on defence, where this money should come from and whether they should spend it jointly. That Europe needs to defend itself better is not in dispute in...

Die Erstellung eines Intelligence Collection Plans (ICP) stellt einen zentralen Arbeitsschritt im Schnittpunkt aus der Direction-Phase (siehe Abbildung 1) und dem Intelligence Requirement Management (IRM) innerhalb des Intelligence Cycle dar. Dieser soll ermöglichen, Informationsbedarfe...

This research article inspired by Jan Zielonka (2006) book "Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union" examines the dynamic relations between Azerbaijan and Georgia and contributions of the European Union to these relations. The period researched is after the Second Karabakh...

With this edition, the European Securities and Markets Authority continues its annual reporting on EU prospectuses under Article 47 of the Prospectus Regulation (PR). This market report covers data for prospectuses approved in 2023. As data are reported at ISIN level, the report also contains...

This Brief analyses reactive responses and proposes proactive solutions to the challenge of Russian aggression, with a focus on spatial planning and the physical security of undersea infrastructure. It calls for a holistic rethinking of how the energy system is planned, constructed and managed,...

This Brief analyses reactive responses and proposes proactive solutions to the challenge of Russian aggression, with a focus on spatial planning and the physical security of undersea infrastructure. It calls for a holistic rethinking of how the energy system is planned, constructed and managed,...

The Commission is proposing EUR 81 billion in the area of Home Affairs to make Europe safer and more secure, to equip the EU with stronger external borders and to implement a fair and firm migration management system. This triples funding compared to the previous budget period.

In the 50th year of its existence, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is more than ever looking for a new role. The war in Ukraine and other conflicts in the OSCE area show how important the work of civil society organi­sations is in times of war and crisis -...

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine marked the start of a prolonged confrontation between Moscow and Europe - one that is fundamentally reshaping the parameters of European security. The return of Donald Trump to the White House and his stated intent to quickly end the war in Ukraine and put...

The security situation in Europe and Germany has fundamentally changed, particularly due to Russia's war of aggression and the declining reliability of transatlantic security guarantees. At the same time, the global race for technological supremacy is intensifying. Germany must now initiate a...

This article analyses aspects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in its international context from a game theory perspective, with particular attention to the possible use of the brinkmanship strategy by US President Donald Trump.

Europe must take more responsibility for its defence, if necessary without the United States, given Washington’s volatility. In March 2025, the European Union (EU) launched a series of initiatives to strengthen defence industry and defence policy cooperation. With these new instruments also...

Southeast Asia has long been a foreign policy priority for Japan, but Tokyo has intensified its engagement - both with the ASEAN Commu­nity as a whole and with individual member states - since 2012. Japan views China’s growing influence in Southeast Asia as a major foreign policy challenge...

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 (UNSCR 1325) is the first UN resolution which addresses the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women. It stresses the need for women's equal and meaningful participation as active agents in the prevention and resolution of conflicts,...

As the geopolitical landscape evolves and new threats emerge, the EU needs a new European approach to internal security. Crime is becoming faster, more digital, and better organised. Hybrid threats undermine our democracies and societies. Terrorist threat levels remain high, fuelled by regional...

This study first analyses the existing European security architecture, as it has emerged since World War 11. lt does so from ап organisational perspective, looking at NATO, the OCSE and EU defence policy, as well as from а series of national country perspectives, trying to find underlying...

The Autumn University of the European Doctoral School on CSDP was organised in residential format in Brussels from September 27 till October 1, 2021. It was the first in situ activity of the Doctoral School after the lockdowns due to Covid-19. The course's objective was to develop a critical...

Traditional 20th century public responses to Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) were oftentimes singular, siloed, and exclusive; state entities and resources were used to detect, deter, and combat the issue. The expansion and emergence of new types of organized crime in the 21st century has made...

Driven by both political camps in Seoul, relations between South Korea and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have deepened significantly since their initiation in 2005. While this intensified relationship was shaped to a large extent by geopolitical developments and increasing...

• By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, EU climate policy substantially lowers Russia's financial strength, thereby limiting its military capabilities to sustain its aggression on Ukraine and beyond. • We provide estimates for the security dividend of EU climate policy. • A one-euro...

We consider a dynamic setting where two countries with competing claims to a resource/asset first arm and then choose whether to resolve their dispute through war or peacefully through settlement. War precludes international trade and can be destructive, but also locks gains and eliminates...

This study investigates the transnational drivers of terrorism mortality through the lens of global governance, focusing on countries most affected by terrorism during the study period (1995-2023), identified dynamically using Global Terrorism Index rankings across multiple years rather than a...

The European security order is dysfunctional and particularly affected by the crisis of multilateralism. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), founded as a forum for promoting cooperative security and standardsbased cooperation, today is an expression of the weakness of...

The relationship between Japan and China is of far-reaching importance for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific, as the two countries are the world’s fourth- and second-largest economies, respectively. Over the past 15 years, bilateral tensions have deepened markedly, even as the two...

This study first analyses the existing European security architecture, as it has emerged since World War 11. lt does so from ап organisational perspective, looking at NATO, the OCSE and EU defence policy, as well as from а series of national country perspectives, trying to find underlying...

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 (UNSCR 1325) is the first UN resolution which addresses the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women. It stresses the need for women's equal and meaningful participation as active agents in the prevention and resolution of conflicts,...

Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, a process of securitisation of the European Union's (EU) external action can be observed. From an institutional perspective, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) increasingly overlaps with the Common Security and Defence...

Nach jahrzehntelanger Sicherheit ohne Bedrohung von außen und reduzierten Verteidigungsbudgets wurden die europäischen Länder durch die Invasion Russlands in die Ukraine 2022 zur Neubewertung ihrer geopolitischen Sicherheitslage gezwungen. Dennoch haben einige europäische NATO-Staaten ihre...

The European Sovereignty Fund (EUSF) should invest in Europe's future by investing indirectly in start-ups and scale-ups via the existing Fund of the European Innovation Council (EIC). This would be concrete step to advance the aims of the recently agreed Strategic Technologies for Europe...

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of how EU law in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is currently enforced....

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of how EU law in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) is currently enforced....

With the aim of bringing Russia's war of aggression to an end and developing a sustainable post-war peace, Ukraine has advanced its vision of peace (as encompassed in President Zelenskyy's 'peace formula') and the paths that lead to this (as outlined in Ukraine's 10-point peace plan). Other...

Germany was heavily involved in international crisis management in Mali for ten years, from 2013 to 2023. Important lessons can be drawn for effective and adaptive foreign and security policy, in particular concerning Germany’s internal structures and processes. Germany’s engagement in Mali...

The article explores the EU's energy security discourse regarding Russia during the period of 2010-2021. Three sub-discourses of this discourse are identified: the geopolitical, securitisation and diversification sub-discourses, as the same topics of the relationship are communicated differently...

Purpose Iraqi society has suffered from loss or fragility of human security since 2003. The developmental policies, programs and plans of the successive Iraqi Governments throughout the transitional period have not been able to achieve human security, despite the availability of different...