Once a famous tale of conquest, law and foreign bond markets, the saga of the Silesian Bonds of 1734-37 is missing from the literature on sovereign debt. The Silesian Bonds were among the earliest foreign currency sovereign bonds issued. They go into the market 84 years prior to the 1818...

We examine how foreign macroprudential tightening transmits through multinational firms' internal capital markets. Using subsidiary exposure to countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) increases, we find that while bank credit to subsidiaries falls 10 percent, parents fully substitute this via...

Quantum computing threatens the security foundations of global financial systems, exposing long-lived data and signed digital assets to "harvest-now, decrypt-later" attacks. While the timeline for cryptographically relevant quantum computers remains uncertain, regulatory signals from the USA,...

The US dollar (USD) has long been the dominant international currency. The euro (EUR), UK pound (GBP), Japanese yen (JPY), and other advanced economy (AE) currencies have played complementary roles to the USD as international currencies, while emerging market and developing economy (EMDE)...

This paper provides an evidence-based assessment of the EU supervisory landscape by combining a comprehensive mapping of supervisory models and authorities with an analysis of capital market players across key sectors, including market infrastructures, asset management, and crypto-asset service...

We study how U.S. dollar fluctuations transmit through domestic supply chains in emerging markets. Large firms borrow in foreign currency and extend trade credit to domestic partners, exposing the supply chain to exchange rate risk. We develop a model where financially constrained suppliers pass...

Although financial market fluctuations that move together are often interpreted as evidence of a global financial cycle, driven by macroeconomic and financial shocks, they may also result from spillover effects generated by local financial linkages and interdependencies among countries. This...

We use a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model of international investment and production to investigate the real implications of the last five decades of financial globalization. We introduce a wedge accounting framework to estimate country- and time-varying measures of outward and inward...

We describe a novel mechanism via which multinational enterprises (MNEs) can serve to propagate productivity and credit supply shocks across borders. We augment the costly-state-verification model of Bernanke et al. [1999] with the internal capital market constraint of an MNE to analyze the...

The international co-movement of interest rates reflects correlated business-cycle fluctuations, largely driven by demand shocks. Monetary policy in advanced economies follows domestic mandates - inflation and the output gap - and does not respond to foreign policy shocks. We derive this result...

We study the spillovers of large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs) in the U.S. on financial intermediation in the euro area using bank-level supervisory data and high-frequency identified policy surprises. Our detailed panel data permit us to trace the impact of LSAPs through bank balance sheets. We...

This paper studies the international macro-financial implications of U.S. dollar-backed payment stablecoins. These digital assets create a new global safe asset channel that links private money creation and global payment needs directly to U.S. public debt. By reshaping the demand for safe...

We demonstrate that foreign institutional ownership (FIO) is associated with stronger stock return sensitivity to the Global Financial Cycle (GFC), indicating greater global co-movement among stocks selected by FIOs compared to those not selected. We conjecture that this may be because (i) FIOs...

Corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings are receiving growing attention in the current literature. However, most empirical studies fail to examine whether corporate ESG ratings are influenced by financial globalization (FG). This study offers a novel perspective by...

Global public goods (GPGs) are goods that are produced locally but have global effects. GPGs are essential for securing global development. The climate and biodiversity crises, pandemics, as well as fragility, conflict and violence are threatening livelihoods and well-being around the world, and...

Asset managers work on behalf of asset owners, such as pension funds and insurance companies, allocating their holdings of household or other savings. In Europe, the market share of United States asset managers is rising, while that of their European counterparts is declining. US asset managers...

This paper examines the influence of Monetary Policy Transparency on Foreign Equity Portfolio Allocation by addressing the informational frictions that shape cross-border investment in Financial Markets. Building on recent developments in central bank communication, we construct a...

Despite significant advances in bank regulation and the widespread adoption of macroprudential frameworks, emerging market economies remain persistently vulnerable to global financial shocks. Episodes such as the Global Financial Crisis, the COVID-19 market turmoil, and recent monetary...

How does global banking impact financial stability and the real economy, particularly in emerging market economies? This paper revisits this question through the lens of new data and recent empirical findings in the banking literature. Considering this evidence, we illustrate how global banks...

The objective of this study is to explore the time-varying shock transmission mechanism between aggregated financial stress indices (FSIs) of developed economies (the U.S., the U.K., the European Union (EU) and Japan) and the emerging economy of China. We employ a novel Time-Varying Parameter...

The dominant role of the US dollar as a global currency allows the Federal Reserve's monetary policy to significantly influence economic and financial dynamics in other countries through mechanisms such as exchange rates, interest rates, and capital flows. This paper examines how shifts in the...

Between 2017 and 2024, the main national stock market indices rose in the US and the five largest European economies. However, the average daily performance of all six indices turns from positive to negative when weighted by daily media coverage. A case in point is the average daily performance...

The period after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was characterized by a considerable risk migration within global liquidity flows, away from cross-border bank lending towards international bond issuance. We show that the post-GFC shifts in the risk sensitivities of global liquidity flows are...

We study the implications of deviations from covered interest rate parity for international capital flows using novel data covering euro-area derivatives and securities holdings. Consistent with a dynamic model of currency risk hedging, we document that investors' holdings of USD bonds decrease...

The European Union needs a single market for capital. Well-developed and integrated capital markets are necessary to support economic growth and resilience across the region, while offering benefits for businesses, households and financial stability. This paper examines the importance of the CMU...

We study the implications of deviations from covered interest rate parity for international capital flows using novel data covering euro-area derivatives and securities holdings. Consistent with a dynamic model of currency risk hedging, we document that investors' holdings of USD bonds decrease...

The price of cryptocurrency Bitcoin has risen sharply over the past ten years, with many investors adding Bitcoin to their portfolios, benefitting from price increases and diversifying their investments. But is Bitcoin suitable for this purpose? This Weekly Report examines the extent to which...

The pace of globalization has slowed since the global financial crisis, raising concerns about widespread deglobalization and market fragmentation. We examine the effects of a deglobalization shock on bank lending, firm internal capital markets, and the real economy. Leveraging a unique dataset...