Applied researchers commonly interpret coefficient movements across OLS and difference-in-differences specifications with varying controls as evidence of bias reduction or improved identification. This note shows that such interpretations generally fail under heterogeneous treatment effects. In...

Sequence-space models are becoming increasingly popular in macroeconomics, especially in the heterogeneous-agent literature. However, the econometric toolkit for users of these models remains less developed than that available for traditional state-space methods. This note introduces an...

Multiple linear regression remains a foundational predictive methodology across a broad range of applications. We propose a novel regression framework that, rather than minimising the aggregate prediction error associated with the dependent variable, explicitly distributes the risk evenly across...

In this paper we study a class of weighted estimands, which we define as parameters that can be expressed as weighted averages of the underlying heterogeneous treatment effects. The popular ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS), and two-way fixed effects (TWFE) estimands...

Food waste (FW) has become a major concern in the global era, which is affecting the societal environment and economy consistently. Rising population and urbanization have increased food production and consumption, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Due to limited recycling and...

The study aims to examine the determinants that affect the firm's performance in the service industries. Moreover, the study examines step-by-step how to choose the best model among the various panel data models.After employing the secondary data of the service industry firms from the CRIBIS...

The most widely used textbooks on Introductory Econometrics conflate three distinct population parameters: the population regression function (PRF), the conditional expectation function (CEF), and the causal effect. They also incorrectly suggest, and sometimes state, that the Conditional Mean...

This study examines the impact of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in South and Southeast Asia from 2006 to 2022, using a comprehensive panel dataset and multiple econometric techniques. The baseline estimation employs Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), with...

The total assets of the banking sector in Romania increased significantly over the past decade, from RON 364.1 billion at the end of 2014 to RON 881.7 billion at the end of 2024, according to the statistics of the National Bank of Romania (NBR). This evolution was supported by several factors,...

Firm characteristics in empirical models for margins of international trade usually enter these models in linear form. If non-linearities do matter and are ignored this leads to biased results. Researchers, however, can never be sure that all possible non-linear relationships are taken care of....

This paper uses firm level data from the World Bank Enterprise surveys conducted in 2019 and from the COVID-19 follow-up surveys conducted in 2020 in eight European countries to investigate the link between firm characteristics before the pandemic and firm survival until 2020. For the first time...

This paper studies linear time‐series regressions with many regressors. Weak exogeneity is the most used identifying assumption in time series. Weak exogeneity requires the structural error to have zero conditional expectation given present and past regressor values, allowing errors to...

In this paper we study a class of weighted estimands, which we define as parameters that can be expressed as weighted averages of the underlying heterogeneous treatment effects. The popular ordinary least squares (OLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS), and two-way fixed effects (TWFE) estimands...

Existing research has overlooked predictors of entrepreneurial innovation intention among engineering students in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the predictors of intention to undertake entrepreneurial innovation (ItoEI) among 322...

In this paper, we introduce a stochastic frontier model that incorporates efficiency effects and a heteroskedastic error structure. The mean efficiency is specified by a logistic function of the effects variables and the distribution for the one-sided random variable representing inefficiency is...

Regressors often have heterogeneous effects in the social sciences, implying unit-specific slopes. OLS is frequently applied to these correlated coefficient models. I first show that without restrictions on the relation between slopes and regressors, OLS estimates can take any value including...

This article derives an equation characterizing the difference between OLS and IV coefficients under potentially heterogenous treatment effects. This leads to what I call the Coefficient Difference Check, which consists of checking that the difference between the estimated OLS and IV...

This study examines how tourism development in Tunisia responds to environmental degradation, renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and foreign direct investment. Using annual data for 1990-2023, we apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds approach to identify...

Poverty is a complex global issue, closely linked to economic and social inequalities. It encompasses not only a lack of financial resources but also disparities in access to education, healthcare, employment, and social participation. In alignment with the United Nations' Sustainable...

The paper considers two estimators for the linear random effects panel data model with known heteroskedasticity. Examples where heteroskedasticity can be treated as given include panel regression with averaged data, meta regression and the linear probability model. While one estimator builds on...

This study investigates the dynamic causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the East African Community (1990-2021). It seeks to interrogate the nature of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. The hypothesis used in this study is four...