Perú tops the global ranking in terms of mortality rates from COVID-19. This study explores the effects of geographic proximity to overburdened hospitals on mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 crisis in Perú. By using microdata along with a difference-in-differences approach, the...

Specialization in labor-intensive export crops, such as organic cocoa, can exacerbate gender inequality if production and revenues fall under men's control and the additional labor burden falls on women. However, evidence on the implications for women's empowerment in value chains that combine...

We propose a systemic analytical approach that links green jobs with sustainable agricultural technologies adoption, considering a gender perspective. In addition, we identify factors (from producers and the environment) that influence the use (or lack thereof) of this technologies. This...

Persons with disabilities incur extra costs of living (e.g., for personal assistance, assistive devices, medical care, transportation), which are not captured in monetary poverty lines. This has several negative consequences. First, governments underestimate the rate of poverty among persons...

The ability of countries in Latin America to achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by mid-century, the target set by the Paris Agreement, will depend critically on citizen support. To gauge this support, we administered a contingent valuation survey to representative samples in seven...

Las personas con discapacidad enfrentan costos de vida adicionales (por ejemplo, para asistencia personal, dispositivos de apoyo, atención médica y transporte) que no se reflejan en las líneas de pobreza monetaria. Esto tiene varias consecuencias negativas. En primer lugar, los gobiernos...

This paper investigates how shifts in local labor markets influence maternal expectations about future support from their children, and how those expectations affect adolescents' socio-emotional development. Using panel data from the Young Lives study in Peru (Rounds 4 and 5), the analysis...

Economically, all countries seek sustained growth driven by domestic demand, investment, and exports; however, COVID-19 revealed the vulnerability of interconnected economic systems and a sharp contraction in global trade. The objective of this research is to analyze through an econometric model...

This paper examines the private returns to education in the context of heterogeneous labour markets, using Peru as a case study. While education is widely considered a key driver of individual earnings and economic growth, its actual returns may be constrained by structural features of labour...

The rapid growth of e-Commerce in Latin America, driven by the increase in digital adoption among younger generations and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has reshaped how businesses engage with consumers. In Peru alone, the number of online shoppers increased by 131% between 2019 and 2021....

Digital transformation has become a central strategy for modernizing the public sector. This study analyzes the relationships between digital competencies, digital literacy, change management, soft skills, technology adoption, digitization of the public function, digital public services,...

Leadership literature suggests that a transformational leadership style can reduce negative employee outcomes, even in challenging work environments such as the education sector, where teachers play a key role in social development. This study aimed to analyze the association between...

As the workforce adapts to evolving professional demands, working conditions simultaneously become increasingly stressful, competitive, and challenging, making it essential to examine the determinants of job performance among highly educated workers. This study investigates the influence of...

This paper estimates the gender gap in the performance of firms in Peru using representative data on both formal and informal firms. On average, informal female-led firms have lower sales, labor productivity, and profits compared to their male-led counterparts, with differences more pronounced...

The Country Opinion Survey in Peru assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Peru perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

Peru, once a high-growth economy achieving significant reductions in poverty, now faces stalling progress, citizen distrust and political instability. After robust growth averaging over 6 percent in the early 2000s and poverty reduction from 59 percent in 2004 to 24 percent in 2014, progress...

Instant payment systems have rapidly gained global traction by enhancing transaction efficiency, yet evidence remains limited on how their designparticularly interoperabilityshapes market structure. We exploit Perus 2023 interoperability mandate as a quasi-natural experiment using a...

We examine the urban learning and schooling premium in Peru using two approaches: 1) estimating the effect of local population density on pupils' value-added in learning between grades two to eight, 2) quasi-experimental Census estimations on the effects of the duration of urban exposure in...

In the 2010s, Peru experienced an increase in public educational investment, a substantial improvement in public school learning outcomes, and an erosion in the private sector learning premium. We use longitudinal, geo-coded register data on primary schools and pupils in urban areas to study how...

This paper examines the existence and magnitude of an "LCR premium" in Peru's interbank market by exploiting the July 1, 2019 reform that eliminated the punitive outflow weights on repo collateral under the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR). Using daily transactions from January 2019 to February...

The objective was to analyze how engagement and the state of flow influence the job satisfaction of volunteers. The design was non-experimental, cross-sectional, and the sample consisted of 1023 volunteers, selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Validated questionnaires were...

This paper examines the private returns to education in the context of heterogeneous labour markets, using Peru as a case study. While education is widely considered a key driver of individual earnings and economic growth, its actual returns may be constrained by structural features of labour...

Cyber risk is recognized by authorities as posing a significant threat to the financial sector and overall financial stability in Peru. With further digitalization expected, authorities have plans to develop a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy for the financial sector. Guided by the G7...

Peru's mining wealth holds the promise to substantially accelerate potential growth. However, many mining projects have been stalled for several years due to conflicts with local communities that feel excluded from the benefits. Although local governments receive nearly 2 percent of GDP in...

At the request of the Superintendency of Banking Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administrators (SBS), a technical assistance mission from the Monetary and Capital Markets Department of the International Monetary Fund visited Lima, Peru during the period September 18 to October 1, 2024....

The economy has recovered from consecutive natural disaster shocks and social turmoil. Inflation is firmly within the target band. The external balance has further improved, underpinned by favorable terms of trade. However, the fiscal position has weakened. A relative political stability...

This paper estimates the impact of natural events on the economic vulnerability of Peruvian households, with a focus on the role of frequency and severity. We combine detailed, high-frequency administrative data from emergency records at the district level provided by the National Institute of...

Since its creation in 2011, the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (MIDIS) has been the governing body of social protection in Peru, with responsibility for the three largest conditional transfer programs. The largest program, JUNTOS, reaches around 724,000 households in poverty and...

This country report provides a description of the emergence of a health care system under public responsibility in Peru. The inception of the health care system refers to the first legislation stipulating entitlements to medical care. The report also includes a brief description of major health...

The purpose of this research is to propose a methodological framework for strategically prioritising infrastructure investments in areas with significant spatial concentration of economic activity. Such concentration generates agglomeration externalities, positively influencing economic growth...

This study examines the determinant factors of women's empowerment in Chepén, Peru, during 2024, analyzing how socioeconomic status potentially moderates this relationship. Using a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, the research surveyed 367 women aged 22-52...

This paper investigates how shifts in local labor markets influence maternal expectations about future support from their children, and how those expectations affect adolescents' socio-emotional development. Using panel data from the Young Lives study in Peru (Rounds 4 and 5), the analysis...