This study investigates the long-memory properties of the prices of three Kenyan commodities (tea, coffee and horticultural products) by applying fractional integration methods to monthly data spanning the period from August 1998 to December 2024. The empirical results provide evidence of...

The global energy transition is reshaping commodity demand, yet its implications for commodity risk transmission remain unclear. We analyze connectedness among Energy Transition Metals (ETMs) - a subset of metals that are key inputs in clean energy technologies - energy commodities, and...

This study examines the determinants of gold returns over the period 2000-2025, a period marked by recurrent financial crises, geopolitical tensions, and major shifts in global monetary conditions. As gold represents both a strategic commodity and a key reserve asset, understanding the channels...

This paper investigates tail-risk transmission and asymmetric dependence in commodity markets using an asymmetric fuzzy vine copula framework applied to gold, crude oil, natural gas, and silver from 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2025, extracted from Yahoo Finance. Bootstrap-based trapezoidal fuzzy...

This paper aims to investigate the sensitivity of the gas market: Russian Natural Gas and Liquefied Gas, to other commodity categories. It sheds light on the Russian-Ukrainian crisis by using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model on daily prices of Russian Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas,...

Europe's Critical Raw Materials Act faces a fundamental implementation barrier: community opposition has emerged as the decisive constraint on new mining projects, not geology or economics. With 85% of known domestic mineral deposits lying within or near environmentally protected areas,...

Conventional VAR-based volatility spillover measures rely on homoskedasticity and single-Gaussian assumptions, limiting their ability to capture structural breaks and heterogeneous shocks during crises. This study develops a flexible framework to analyze volatility transmission in U.S. commodity...

The global energy transition is reshaping commodity demand, yet its implications for commodity risk transmission remain unclear. We analyze connectedness among Energy Transition Metals (ETMs) - a subset of metals that are key inputs in clean energy technologies - energy commodities, and...

Recycling and waste trade are increasingly important for mitigating supply risks and en-vironmental concerns associated with raw material imports, yet little is known about the economic and technical potential for substitution between recycled and virgin materials. This paper estimates...

This paper analyzes the effect of commodity price fluctuations on a commodity-exporting economy. Using Chilean and international copper market data, I find that positive copper price changes resulting from copper-specific demand shocks generate a broad GDP expansion, with no visible decline in...

In July 2024, the European Union (EU) and the Serbian government signed a strategic raw materials partnership. For the EU, this cooperation represents an important step towards diversifying its supply chains and strengthening economic partnerships in its neighbourhood. Serbian President...

In the global transition to cleaner energy, the role of international mineral trade, which is subject to price volatility and geopolitical competition, is crucial yet complex. This study investigates the dynamic correlation between clusters of international mineral trade (both exports and...

When wealth or income rises suddenly, the propensity for that "easy money" to be directed towards unproductive use, "easy spending", may rise. The cross-country relationship between conspicuous consumption and revenue windfalls is explored by estimating the response of demand for imports of...

This study leverages the Log-Periodic Power Law Singularity (LPPLS) confidence indicator to effectively identify bubbles in agricultural commodity markets. We analyze five major grain price indices reported by the International Grains Council (IGC) from January 2000 to April 2023, successfully...

The traceability of critical raw materials along the supply chain is pivotal in meeting wider public demands for corporate sustainability and complying with relevant regulations from the European Union that contain requirements for responsible sourcing and the transparency of supply chains. This...

The traceability of critical raw materials along the supply chain is pivotal in meeting wider public demands for corporate sustainability and complying with relevant regulations from the European Union that contain requirements for responsible sourcing and the transparency of supply chains. This...

We develop an indirect inference approach relying on a linear supply and demand model serving as an auxiliary model to provide the first full empirical test of the rational expectations commodity storage model. We build a rich storage model that incorporates a supply response and four structural...

Cobalt (Co) is an essential metal used in renewable energy technologies, electro-mobility, aerospace and defence, due to its high-temperature stability and magnetic properties. It plays a crucial role in improving energy density in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage....

Copper (Cu) is used in all electrical and electronic applications, including renewable energy technologies, power grids, electric vehicles, electronic devices, aircrafts and defence technologies. Copper is mined both underground and open-pit and is widely recycled.

Gallium's (Ga) unique semiconducting properties enable highly efficient power management chips. Gallium arsenide is used for power amplifiers in devices, in telecommunications such as 5G, satellite communication and radar systems. Gallium is also used in thin-film solar panels and LEDs. Gallium...

Boron (B) is used in permanent neodymium magnets, in high-performance glass for e.g. photovoltaic panels, and chip production. Boron fibres and composites are used in aerospace structures, armour and ballistic-resistant materials. Boron can be extracted from open-pit mines and from brines.

Gallium's (Ga) unique semiconducting properties enable highly efficient power management chips. Gallium arsenide is used for power amplifiers in devices, in telecommunications such as 5G, satellite communication and radar systems. Gallium is also used in thin-film solar panels and LEDs. Gallium...

Tungsten (W) is one of the foremost defence materials, widely used in high-strength applications, and ammunition. It is suitable as well for high-temperature applications such as supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. Tungsten's density makes it ideal for armour-piercing ammunition and...

Boron (B) is used in permanent neodymium magnets, in high-performance glass for e.g. photovoltaic panels, and chip production. Boron fibres and composites are used in aerospace structures, armour and ballistic-resistant materials. Boron can be extracted from open-pit mines and from brines.

Tungsten (W) is one of the foremost defence materials, widely used in high-strength applications, and ammunition. It is suitable as well for high-temperature applications such as supersonic and hypersonic vehicles. Tungsten's density makes it ideal for armour-piercing ammunition and...

Platinum group metals (PGMs) include platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium. They are excellent catalysts and indispensable for hydrogen technologies. They play a key role in hydrogen fuel cells and electrolysers, enabling the conversion of hydrogen into electricity and vice versa....

Germanium (Ge) is a semiconductor material with excellent infrared transparency and optical properties, making it indispensable in sensors, night vision systems, thermal imaging cameras, and high-speed fibre optics. It is also used in solar panels, especially for satellites, LEDs and gamma ray...

Germanium (Ge) is a semiconductor material with excellent infrared transparency and optical properties, making it indispensable in sensors, night vision systems, thermal imaging cameras, and high-speed fibre optics. It is also used in solar panels, especially for satellites, LEDs and gamma ray...

Platinum group metals (PGMs) include platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium. They are excellent catalysts and indispensable for hydrogen technologies. They play a key role in hydrogen fuel cells and electrolysers, enabling the conversion of hydrogen into electricity and vice versa....

Nickel (Ni) is used in the cathodes of rechargeable batteries for e-mobility and energy storage and in superalloys for turbines in aerospace and renewable energy generation. It is corrosion resistant, increases material strength, and can withstand extreme temperatures. Due to its properties, it...

Nickel (Ni) is used in the cathodes of rechargeable batteries for e-mobility and energy storage and in superalloys for turbines in aerospace and renewable energy generation. It is corrosion resistant, increases material strength, and can withstand extreme temperatures. Due to its properties, it...

Cobalt (Co) is an essential metal used in renewable energy technologies, electro-mobility, aerospace and defence, due to its high-temperature stability and magnetic properties. It plays a crucial role in improving energy density in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage....

Manganese (Mn) is a metal used for energy storage and steel production. In battery technology, manganese is used in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, where it enhances stability and cost-effectiveness. In steelmaking, manganese improves toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance, making...

Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest structural metal, offering a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for automotive, aerospace and defence applications. It is widely used in lightweight vehicle parts to improve fuel efficiency and performance, aircraft components, missile casings....

Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest structural metal, offering a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for automotive, aerospace and defence applications. It is widely used in lightweight vehicle parts to improve fuel efficiency and performance, aircraft components, missile casings....

Copper (Cu) is used in all electrical and electronic applications, including renewable energy technologies, power grids, electric vehicles, electronic devices, aircrafts and defence technologies. Copper is mined both underground and open-pit and is widely recycled.

Manganese (Mn) is a metal used for energy storage and steel production. In battery technology, manganese is used in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, where it enhances stability and cost-effectiveness. In steelmaking, manganese improves toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance, making...

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the battery industry's supply chain in the EU, with a focus on the critical raw materials (CRMs) (1 ) required for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The risks associated with the concentration of the supply of their raw materials are identified. The...

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the battery industry's supply chain in the EU, with a focus on the critical raw materials (CRMs) (1 ) required for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The risks associated with the concentration of the supply of their raw materials are identified. The...