The transformation of trade structures represents a core dimension of economic integration in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly following EU accession and deeper participation in global value chains. Romania and Poland, despite similar institutional frameworks, have exhibited distinct...

As the EU and Asia are deepening their cooperation, in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we are honoured to have been able to bring together such valuable expertise from both continents. The main aim of this report is to contribute to informed and relevant discussions...

This paper investigates how the historical institutional legacies of the Habsburg and Ottoman empires affect present-day attitudes toward women and minorities in Romania. We conduct a thorough historical analysis which shows that the institutional setup in the Ottoman part of Romania was more...

Over the past 50 years, the number of drought events in Romania has increased, with their impact on the population, economy, and environment being intensified by climate change. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the hazard and current and future drought risks in Romania. It...

Background: In a world increasingly shaped by technological innovation, the healthcare sector plays an important role in society's sustainable advancement. This study explores the use of IoT and RFID technologies to improve hospital operations and modernize healthcare services. Methods: We...

This study investigates tax compliance patterns among individuals in Romania through a survey-based approach, aiming to comprehend factors influencing taxpayers' behavior, including perception towards taxation, ethics, evasion, and public awareness. The insights garnered can inform policy...

In spite of its strong increase and relevant position in the evolution of international maritime routes, the global livestock trade is still a poorly treated topic in the maritime business domain of research. Aiming to cover this gap, the authors are focused on revealing the livestock logistics...

In today's dynamic tourism industry, shaped by globalization and digitalization, understanding destination competitiveness is crucial for crafting sustainable development policies. This paper explores Romania's competitive advantage as a tourist destination through both theoretical and practical...

The paper examines the price volatility, key determinants, and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework of Romania's Intraday Continuous Market (IDC) during the summer months. The stability of the ARDL-ECM coefficients is assessed using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) test. We explore the...

Romania has maintained an external deficit continuously since 1990, which represents a vulnerability of the economy. The subject analysed is important because Romania is trying to keep under control and limit the negative effects of this imbalance, especially in the context of the process of...

The permanent evolution of accounting and financial reporting standards, in particular for listed companies, is justified by the need to adapt these standards to economic, societal, financial, institutional and technological developments. The main objective of the standard setters is that the...

Sustainability reporting is the subject of substantial improvements with the adoption at the European level of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive 2022/2464/EU. Companies must prepare well in advance, under the pressure of a tight timeline, to implement this directive. In this...

The implementation of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which requires assurance on sustainability reports for numerous companies, has reached different implementation stages throughout the EU. This study investigated the key uncertainties and challenges arising from the...

This article investigates good practices in sustainability reporting in the Romanian banking sector. Since such a complex endeavour has not been carried out in the financial field in Romania, and the data regarding national reporting is lacking, the methodological approach combines qualitative...

The paper analyses the association between the reporting of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the behaviour of Romanian banks, focusing on the relationship between SDG disclosure scores (both total and across the four sustainability dimensions) and credit risk management practices,...

This paper explores the dynamics of the public water supply and sewerage service in Romania, focusing on the relationships between different operational, commercial and financial variables and their impact on the operating profit rate. The aim of the paper is to analyze the interactions, both in...

This working paper evaluates the impact of the COSME Loan Guarantee Facility (LGF) on SMEs in Greece, Poland, Spain, and Romania between 2015 and 2023. Using advanced econometric methods, we compare SMEs that received a guarantee with a control group of similar companies. We find that SMEs...

This study presents a comprehensive methodological approach to construct a composite index of demographic ageing, with a particular focus on Romania in comparison to the other 26 Member States of the European Union (EU). Drawing on data from 2000 to 2022, the research integrates multiple...

In August 2025, as part of a large fiscal package, Romania announced an increase in tobacco and alcohol excise taxes, news welcomed by proponents of public health. However, the announcement turned into a disappointment for the tobacco control community when the final increase in cigarette excise...

This study develops a dynamic IS-LM macroeconomic model that incorporates delayed taxation and a memory-dependent income effect, and calibrates it to quarterly data for Romania (2000-2023). Within this framework, fiscal policy lags are modelled using a "memory" income variable that weights past...

This paper investigates the strategic and institutional dynamics of centralized public procurement in Romania, with a specific focus on the National Office for Centralized Procurement (ONAC) and its role in enabling digital transformation across technical universities. Using a qualitative case...

This paper analyzes the volatility relationship between the Romanian BET index and the U.S. SFT-500 index during the period 2019-2024, with a particular focus on the impact of political and geopolitical shocks. The study investigates whether financial markets in emerging economies react...

This VET policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in Romania between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest VET-related statistics, as well as the...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management (FRM). It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming to reduce the risk of flood damage in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covered the period 2016-21. The third cycle will cover...

Romania almost entirely belongs to the Danube River Basin District (RBD). As the remaining area concerns a small area at coastal waters, Romania's territory is entirely included in the Danube international RBD. Romania has a two-level approach to the governance of the implementation of the WFD:...

The close relationship between tourism and transportation in the context of sustainable mobility development and increased environmental and sustainability policies is widely debated in the scientific literature. The Romanian railway transport system may represent an ignored opportunity that is...

Romania's medium-term fiscal framework calls for the fiscal deficit to decline gradually from about 8 percent of GDP in 2024 to 7 percent in 2025 and 3 percent (or less) by 2031. With limited scope for expenditure consolidation ‒ given the low expenditure-to-GDP ratio ‒ revenue mobilization...

Drawing on its rich country-level skills intelligence, Cedefop develops its Spotlights on jobs and skills for EU-27 Member States, Iceland and Norway. The Spotlights provide insights into the current labour market landscape, future trends, and skills anticipation in each country. The analysis is...

This report presents the evaluation results of the pilot intervention, which aimed to enhance the socioeconomic inclusion of marginalized Roma households in Bulgaria, Romania, and Slovakia. The pilot targeted households in extreme poverty receiving means-tested social assistance with a focus on...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The aim is to identify gaps in the monitoring network for Romania according to the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2881). The analysis is conducted considering the data officially reported by Romania for the last five years (2019-2023) to EEA's Repornet2. Data has been...

The total assets of the banking sector in Romania increased significantly over the past decade, from RON 364.1 billion at the end of 2014 to RON 881.7 billion at the end of 2024, according to the statistics of the National Bank of Romania (NBR). This evolution was supported by several factors,...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Romania examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

This report documents the work done in the most recent annual update for Romania. This work was carried out by the EUROMOD core development team, based at the JRC in Seville, in collaboration with the national team.

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...