South Korea's social protection system has undergone a profound transformation from a developmental welfare state, in which social protection policies were subordinated to the economic development goal, to a universal welfare state. This study traces this trajectory by examining six key...

This study examines the career aspirations of economically disadvantaged Filipino children participating in the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), the Philippines' flagship conditional cash transfer program. Using data from 9,958 children aged 10 to 25 collected through the Fourth Wave...

Carbon pricing is widely recognized as a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, if implemented without compensatory measures, it can increase poverty and inequality. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of carbon pricing in generating fiscal space for expanding social...

In 2001, Germany abolished public occupational disability insurance (ODI)-the second tier of its public DI system-for cohorts born after 1960. Using administrative data, we first document that, in the long run, overall DI inflows declined by roughly one-third. Second, using representative survey...

The Philippines aspires to become a predominantly middle-class society by 2040. Significant strides have been achieved in the reduction of extreme poverty. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of recent gains and the vulnerability of many households to economic shocks. This study...

Colombia has a complex legal framework meant to protect the population against basic risks through a combination of contributory and non-contributory social insurance. The population is almost perfectly split between them, with eligibility to participate in the latter determined by poverty....

The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the trust funded Rapid Social Response - Adaptive and Dynamic Social Protection (RSR-ADSP) Gender Window Round 21 grants. Particularly, the review focuses on evaluating the achievements and results of the grants,...

South Africa has a relatively well-developed social protection system for a middle-income country. Despite its roots in the country's racially discriminatory past, the system has been repurposed post-apartheid to address deep poverty and severe inequality. This paper explores key characteristics...

Chile combines high income levels and strong human development outcomes with persistent inequality. This paper examines the country's social protection matrix, focusing on its institutional configuration, financial structure, and main outcomes. The analysis distinguishes three core components-...

The paper examines the structure of the social protection system in Egypt including its contributory and non-contributory components. It begins by examining the historical evolution of the system, its scale and reach, and its sources of financing. The book then assesses the de jure and de facto...

This article examines labour market transitions towards green employment in Viet Nam and their relationship to social protection. Using a task-based approach and longitudinal labour force survey data, we find that green jobs remain limited, accounting for only 15 per cent of total employment....

The haor (Ox-bow Lake) region in Bangladesh, comprising seven districts, is rich in fishing, biodiversity, and boro-rice cultivation. However, its people are poorer due to wet monsoon seasonality. This study evaluates the joint impact of microcredit facilities and social safety net programs...

This study assesses how pandemic-related job losses and social protection impacted food security in South Africa using five waves of data from the NIDS-CRAM survey of 794 individuals. Job loss increased food insecurity by 5.2% (14%), consistent across five methods and lasting for 12 months....

Disasters due to natural hazards pose a significant threat to people’s well-being and increase the risk of poverty, particularly in vulnerable populations. This paper provides a novel global estimate of poverty due to disasters, showing that 25.6 million people are at risk of poverty due to...

Améliorer la situation des femmes et des filles est un impératif stratégique pour relever les défis complexes et interconnectés auxquels les pays du Sahel sont confrontés. Les politiques, programmes et institutions visant à réduire la pauvreté, à accroître la productivité et à...

One of the main arguments for implementing public works programmes (PWPs) instead of other social protection schemes such as cash transfers is that the assets created through these programmes themselves can generate medium- to long-term benefits. This is particularly important as the costs for...

Der vorliegende Abschlussbericht entstand im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Plattformökonomie und soziale Sicherung: Arbeits- und Sicherungsorientierungen digitaler Selbstständiger zwischen De- und Re-Institutionalisierung". Das Kooperationsprojekt zwischen dem Institut Arbeit und...

We develop a framework to assess when social programmes should prioritize expanding coverage versus improving targeting accuracy. Rather than treating universalism and targeting as a binary choice, we derive a practical rule-of-thumb based on observed eligibility rates and programme quotas to...

This appendix describes the methodology established by the SPC Indicators' sub-group (ISG) to identify each Member States' KSCs and GSOs, which had been adapted in 2021 to follow a more policy-based approach. The methodology has been further discussed and confirmed by the ISG in its meeting of...

The attached Country Profiles sheets provide for all Member States a snapshot of progress towards the national 2030 poverty and social exclusion target, trends in the main social indicators for each country, and the main, priority social challenges and good social outcomes identified for each...

Dans le Sahel, la vulnérabilité, la pauvreté, la concurrence pour les ressources naturelles et les opportunités économiques limitées ont affaibli les liens sociaux et alimenté les conflits, des dynamiques aggravées par le changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, la protection sociale...

Le Sahel - comprenant le Burkina Faso, le Tchad, le Mali, la Mauritanie, le Niger et le Sénégal - fait face à des inégalités de genre aggravées par la pauvreté, le changement climatique et l'insécurité. Les femmes et les filles souffrent particulièrement de ces crises, notamment à...

This technical paper assesses Chad's experience in implementing SP programs within a fragile, conflict-affected, and violent (FCV) context. It highlights three major SP projects - the Safety Net Project, the Refugees and Host Communities Support Project (PARCA), and the Adaptive and Productive...

This paper discusses the role of social protection and labor (SPL) policies in complementing green transition policies by both mitigating the potential negative impacts of the transition on workers and low-income households and by enabling people to take advantage of emerging opportunities. The...

Cash transfers are a cornerstone of social protection. This paper evaluates an integrated program in Burkina Faso that combines cash transfers with parenting interventions delivered through group meetings or home visits. In a randomized experiment across 225 villages, households received cash...

L’économie tunisienne a connu une reprise modérée en 2025, avec une croissance atteignant 2,4 % au cours des neuf premiers mois, tirée par un rebond de l’agriculture, de la construction et du tourisme, malgré la contraction des hydrocarbures et des services financiers. L’inflation a...

India introduced sweeping legal changes on labour laws in late 2025, summarising 29 laws into 4 labour Codes. The Key Changes and Concerns Industrial Relations Raises the threshold for requiring government permission for layoffs/retrenchments from 100 to 300 workers, encouraging firms to avoid...

This study examines trends in working after retirement and its relationship to the wider policy and welfare state context in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Using a mixed methods approach, we first analyzed China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study data for 2011-2020 to identify...

One of the key pillars of the European single market is undoubtedly the free movement of persons. From the earliest days of the European Economic Community (EEC), it was recognised that genuinely free movement required addressing the social security rights of mobile citizens. In order to...