In German surveys, educational attainment is typically assessed through two questionnaire items: the highest general school-leaving qualification and the highest vocational qualification or higher education degree. These items are often combined into one variable for analysis, but there is no...

In 2022, the Belgian Data Protection Authority (DPA) issued a fine against IAB Europe. It held this industry association for online advertising liable for multiple violations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in relation to the Transparency and Control Framework (TCF). This...

The Colombia-US 2025 joint interpretation (JI) is the first adopted by the United States since the 2001 NAFTA JI. While it favors state regulatory space, this Perspective argues that its restrictive approach to some provisions and application to pending cases raise familiar concerns about the...

The adoption of ISO 27037, the international standard for digital evidence handling, remains poorly understood in emerging economy government contexts despite its critical importance for cybersecurity and judicial integrity. Existing literature predominantly examines private-sector...

Background: The cargo stowage and securing plan for non-standardized cargo is vital for ensuring safety at sea, as improper placement or inadequate lashing can compromise maritime transport safety. Due to the diverse size and type of cargo, efficient planning is also essential to optimize space...

Based on semi-structured interviews with individuals with direct involvement in the certification process, this study examines the ANSI/NSI 373: Sustainable Production of Natural Dimension Stone standard from a business perspective, analyzing its adoption within the North American dimension...

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for...

In 2023, the JRC Technical Report "The status and needs for implementation of Fire Safety Engineering approach in Europe", presented the results of a survey carried out by the European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW) and the...

The European cloud market is largely dominated by US providers, creating structural dependencies and posing risks to the confidentiality of European data. Conceived as a technical certification framework for cloud security, the European Cybersecurity Certification Scheme for Cloud Services...

The European cloud market is largely dominated by US providers, creating structural dependencies and posing risks to the confidentiality of European data. Conceived as a technical certification framework for cloud security, the European Cybersecurity Certification Scheme for Cloud Services...

The study provides a technical analysis as support for further standardization activities on the gas quality in Europe's future hydrogen infrastructure. It synthesizes key literature on the influence of different supply chain elements on hydrogen gas composition and assesses the implications of...

This document presents Eurostat's assessment of the quality of the national and regional accounts data submitted by Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland in 2024, according to the ESS quality standards and the ESA 2010 Regulation. It also includes information on the quality of key...

Bangladesh has demonstrated how investment in coastal flood protection saves lives, reduces economic losses, and protects development gains. Yet, its cost effectiveness depends on the design standards, which are currently selected on a project-by-project basis. This is because at present, there...

This resource discusses the use of structured literature reviews (SLR) in evaluations towards promoting transparency and trust in the reporting and use of evidence. Structured literature reviews aim to provide a summary of the most impactful, innovative, and recent research on a specified topic...

Do the returns to quality upgrading pass through supply chains to primary producers? We explore this question in the context of Colombia's coffee sector, in which market outcomes depend on interactions between farmers, exporters (which operate mills), and international buyers, and contracts are...

Framing of the research: The Circular Economy has progressively emerged as a transformative model aimed at reconciling economic and social values, while preserving the environment and biodiversity. Adopting Circular Economy principles requires firms to fundamentally change their business...

Frame of the research. As multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly engage in roles beyond conventional business activities, their involvement in brand activism has become a focal point of interest. This development underlines the urgency for MNEs to address global challenges, positioning...

This document is a study performed by the JRC to support an analysis of DG-Competition concerning online payment systems. The report provides a high-level overview of online payments in the EU, including payment cards, mobile wallets, bank transfers, and other methods, as well as an examination...

Minimum standard regulations for durables have long been suspected of having hidden costs: quality improvements in the regulated dimension reduce quality in other dimensions. We substantiate this claim for the U.S. clothes washer market, which has become a notorious example of the hidden cost...

In recent years, the fashion industry invested a reasonable amount of resources into sustainable processes and marketing. However, among consumers, questions persist about the credibility of sustainability communication in online fashion retail. Third-party certification offers a way for fashion...

The "Technical Guidance Note on Standardizing Digital MRV in Carbon Markets: System Evaluation Criteria and Hotspots Assessment" is one of five guidance notes prepared by the Carbon Markets Infrastructure Working Group (CMI WG). This note offers a practical foundation for standardizing and...

The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated several challenges, prompting the Indonesian government to enact rules aimed at minimizing direct contact to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, which has also affected transactional activities. Transactions conducted using a digital wallet represent a...

In the modern business environment, business standards are a crucial tool for improving corporate governance and strengthening trust in business associations. However, in Ukraine, their dissemination and implementation are at an early stage, which necessitates a detailed analysis and adaptation...

This study investigates the influence of the factors established by the SGE21 standard in family businesses in a Latin American country, specifically Mexico. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a critical issue for companies, which increasingly adopt social responsibility models for...

We estimate the impact of international standards certification on the export performance of firms in a developing economy using a unique panel data from Pakistan's textile and apparel sector. To address endogeneity, we implement a novel instrumental variable strategy that leverages the...

This study aimed to determine how research has highlighted greenwashing in supply chains by identifying emerging themes and pinpointing gaps that must be addressed in combating greenwashing in global supply chains. Using the PRISMA framework, 58 papers published up to 2024 were critically...