According to the German Federal Statistical Office, 2.9 million people in Germany had a Turkish migration background in 2022. Thus, Turkey represents one of the most important countries of origin for migrants in Germany. In the last decade, however, Turkey has also become an important transit...

More than a century has passed since the abrupt exodus of 1.2 million Greek Orthodox from Anatolia and their resettlement in Greece, a transformative event for the country's social and demographic landscape. Today, more than one in three Greeks reports a refugee background. While its historical...

Russisch und Türkisch gehören zu den in Deutschland meistgesprochenen Herkunftssprachen. Während die in Deutschland unterrichteten Schulfremdsprachen gemeinhin ein kulturelles Kapital darstellen, scheint die Möglichkeit der beruflichen Wertschöpfung aus Herkunftssprachen eher die Ausnahme...

We compare the earnings of monolingual and competent bilingual immigrants in Germany. A joint discussion of language skills as human capital or social capital and theories of ethnic marginalisation leads us to expect heterogeneous returns to bilingualism. To track this potential divergence, we...

Reserve Options Mechanism (ROM), which is the option to hold FX or gold reserves in increasing tranches in place of Turkish Lira reserve requirements of Turkish banks, was designed and launched by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). ROM is a tool unique to the CBRT and it is aimed...