This paper discusses the key concepts and main stylized facts concerning household real income and income inequality in the United States in recent decades. It explains the widely used summary measures of income distribution, which reveal that income inequality in the US has been steadily...

This study evaluates the incidence of food and non-food social programs in function of income inequality in households in Peru during 2022-2024 in a context of persistent distributive gaps, despite social interventions aimed at promoting equity. Data from the National Household Survey (ENAHO)...

The application of reduced VAT rates in the EU generally aims to alleviate the regressivity of consumption taxation. However, while these measures generate redistribution across income groups, they also create redistribution effects within income groups, leading to arbitrary redistribution among...

This paper describes the integration of labour supply behavioural responses into UKMOD, the UK tax-benefit microsimulation model belonging to the EUROMOD family. Traditional static models quantify only the direct ("morning after") fiscal and distributional effects of policy reforms, abstracting...

This paper assesses the fiscal and distributional effects of personal income tax expenditures in Portugal using EUROMOD and 2022 EU-SILC microdata. We compare the 2023 tax-benefit system with a counterfactual scenario in which tax expenditures are removed to estimate first-round impacts. We find...

Chile combines high income levels and strong human development outcomes with persistent inequality. This paper examines the country's social protection matrix, focusing on its institutional configuration, financial structure, and main outcomes. The analysis distinguishes three core components-...

This paper provides clear evidence that concerns for basic needs satisfaction (BNS) represent a distinct distributional motive. Using a unified theoretical and experimental framework across five dictatorgame experiments in Germany and Georgia (N=446), we disentangle BNS from motives such as...

The IFS Deaton Review has been a major interdisciplinary project studying the causes and consequences of inequalities. The Review has studied inequalities related to education, health, income, wealth, political power, geography, gender, ethnicity and social mobility. This report draws lessons...

The current report presents findings of a research project that explored attitudes towards welfare and redistributive policies among Irish residents. Public support for the welfare state is an important foundation for democratic governments to pursue the policies needed to alleviate poverty in...

This paper provides clear evidence that concerns for basic needs satisfaction (BNS) represent a distinct distributional motive. Using a unified theoretical and experimental framework across five dictator-game experiments in Germany and Georgia (N=446), we disentangle BNS from motives such as...

Abstract We study life expectancy inequality in a Mirrleesian life-cycle framework. Life expectancy shapes the efficiency dimension of redistribution via the pension wedge. Moreover, cost- and preference-based channels arising from the income-lifespan gradient reduce the mechanical value of...

We study the distributional consequences of the recent inflationary surge and the subsequent monetary policy response in the euro area. Using an estimated two-asset Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian model with an overlapping generations structure, we analyze the macroeconomic shocks driving...

We study the transmission and distributional effects of monetary policy in an environment where consumption-saving choices reflect both precautionary motives and life-cycle considerations. Age emerges as a key state variable linking multiple dimensions of heterogeneity: young households have low...

When structural labor supply models are unavailable or impractical, the paper proposes a practical method for incorporating behavioral responses into static taxbenefit microsimulation models. Using elasticity estimates from the literature, the proposed external evidence procedure offers a...

The tax and transfer system partially insures households against individual income risk. We build a framework to assess the size and (welfare) value of this partial insurance, which is based on exploiting distributional differences between household gross income and disposable income. Our...

Do factual immigration updates shift societal concerns across political ideologies? Conducting an online experiment in the lead-up to the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election, respondents provided local immigrant stock and flow estimates before being randomized to receive realistic information on...

This paper argues that Colombia's taxation problems reflect a deeper political economy equilibrium shaped by extractive institutions, extreme inequality, and cultural norms that favor individual solutions over collective ones. Historical legacies produced a weak and often distrusted state, which...

This paper assumes two kinds of social planners who evaluate income distributions concerning social welfare, economic inequality and poverty. The first kind of social planner, SPε , comprises averters to income inequality as measured by the normative parameter ε. The second kind of social...

Studies assessing the economic impact of the F2F strategy estimate significant losses in EU-27 agricultural production and global changes in markets that will affect other regions. We contribute with an estimate of the impact on individual EU Member States, which has not been assessed so far....

The distributional and disruptive effects of energy supply shocks are potentially large. We study the effectiveness of alternative fiscal responses in a two-country HANK model calibrated to the euro area. Subsidies can stabilize the domestic economy, but they are fiscally costly and generate...

We study the electoral repercussions of the L'Aquila earthquake in 2009, one of Italy's most catastrophic post-WWII seismic events. We construct a unique municipality-level dataset, combining high-resolution data on the ground acceleration recorded during the earthquake with European election...

Knowledge of the factors driving people's views on redistribution in the Global South remains limited. While these societies occupy top positions in inequality rankings, redistribution levels tend to be lower. We combine survey and experimental data from Mozambique and Viet Nam to test whether...

The expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a core focus of global conservation efforts, with the "30x30" initiative to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 serving as a prominent example of this trend. This paper examines a series of proposed MPA network expansions of various sizes and...

Elites disproportionately influence policymaking, yet little is known about their fairness and efficiency preferences - key determinants of support for redistributive policies. We investigate these preferences using an incentivized lab experiment with a group of future elites - Ivy League MBA...

Social assistance for education is one of several instruments in Indonesia to support poor and vulnerable people. There are two main programs which is Family Hope Program (PKH) and Smart Indonesia Program (PIP). Analyzing the distributional impact to both programs is very important to improve...

With the 2021 introduction of Germany's basic pension, longterm insured persons with low incomes can receive a supplement to their statutory pension. In 2024, around 1.4 million recipients received an average pension increase of 100 euros as a result. Data from the German Pension Insurance show...

Inequality often arises from strategic interactions among individuals. This is so because risky investments can not only be resolved by chance (natural risk), but also by others' actions (social risk). We study how these different sources of inequality shape fairness judgments and the level of...