Development finance institutions mobilize over $250 billion annually through blended finance operations, yet practitioners lack a unified framework to evaluate its catalytic effect and for choosing among instruments. I develop a model of investment multipliers under two canonical market...

We discuss the trust-building process as well as trust violation and distrust in financing for small businesses at Islamic and conventional banks, a topic that receives little attention in the literature. We interview managers of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia. We find that the...

We revisit the credit channel of monetary policy when firms face multiple financing constraints, a common feature of corporate financing we document empirically. Our theory shows that the multiplicity of constraints dampens the transmission of expansionary policy to firm borrowing and investment...

This report analyzes and compares the financing structures of non-financial corporations (NFCs) in eleven CESEE economies (CESEE EU-MS) against the background of the recent COVID-19 and energy crises. It also puts developments across the region in a broader EU context. In addition, this report...

Focusing on the role of government industrial funds in bridging the equity gap, in this paper, we examine how the establishment of government industrial funds (GIFs) affects enterprise innovation and the underlying mechanism of the guiding and synergistic effects on social capital. By conducting...

Nowadays, the European economy faces significant global challenges that threaten the continuity of economic growth, especially in the German manufacturing sector, which is under strain from financial turmoil, resulting in numerous layoffs and firm closures. In this respect, FinTech significantly...

We develop a framework to measure the severity of financial constraints for young firms across countries. Using ORBIS balance-sheet data for 23 economies, we show that short-term leverage rises while long-term leverage falls early in firms' life cycles, with this pattern persisting longer where...

The study seeks to examine the effects of credit guarantee schemes on Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSME) lending. Specifically, the paper examined the performance of a specified credit guarantee scheme, effect of the credit guarantee scheme on MSME loan default probability and how...

Data from the Central Bank of Kenya show that, in the 12 months to December 2024, the banking sector generated approximately 35.3% of its overall lendingrelated income from the MSME sector, almost half of which was from small and microenterprises (SMEs). During the same period, banks and...

This paper examines the incidence and determinants of credit rationing and borrower discouragement among Kenyan SMEs using firmlevel data from the 2018 World Bank Enterprise Survey. Only about onequarter of firms report no financing obstacles, while the majority face constraints of varying...

Financial literacy represents a fundamental competence in contemporary knowledge-based economies, particularly in the context of increasingly complex corporate financing instruments. Insufficient financial literacy may lead to suboptimal debt decisions, inefficient capital structures, and...

This paper constructs a novel firm-level measure of geopolitical risk using textual analysis of 130,061 earnings conference call transcripts and examines its impact on firms' reliance on bank-based financing. Using a panel of 4,692 listed firms across 38 countries over 2005-2024, we find that...

In an imperfect capital market, firms face financial constraints due to information asymmetry. These constraints have a significant impact on the effectiveness of investment decisions. When either an underinvestment or overinvestment process occurs, it directly affects the firm's value. This...

Understanding how investors maintain positions during adverse market conditions, investment grip, is increasingly important as retail participation rises and information environments diversify. While prior research identifies demographic, psychological, and economic determinants of investment...

We describe a novel mechanism via which multinational enterprises (MNEs) can serve to propagate productivity and credit supply shocks across borders. We augment the costly-state-verification model of Bernanke et al. [1999] with the internal capital market constraint of an MNE to analyze the...

The Financial Lobster Bias describes how SMEs, driven by distorted liquidity perceptions, engage in aggressive expansion until financial breakdown occurs. Using data from 10,412 Spanish SMEs (2000-2024), this study shows that liquidity misperception-measured through two versions of the Liquidity...

This study investigates how credit supply shocks impact firm-level investment across the euro area using the novel AnaCredit database. Employing the methodology developed by Amiti and Weinstein (2018), we decompose loan growth rates into four components: bank-specific, firm-specific,...

This research studies a monopoly firm's timing and size decisions to introduce a new and partially substitutable product under demand uncertainty and financing constraint. Accessible financing resources for the investment are positively related to firm's revenues from the existing product. We...

Can a recession have a positive, long-term impact on firm innovation? A downturn represents an opportunity for firms to learn from their peers and try to understand the main drivers of resilience. If they deem R&D capital one of them, they may raise innovation in the following years, in order to...

This study analyzes the effects of country-level shareholder protection and agency costs on the cash-holding policies of family firms.Data were collected for 2,159 European firms for the period 2010-2019. The authors estimate the model using the generalized method of moments.Agency costs are...

Emerging economies face significant challenges in securing financial resources for green industrial transformation. This paper demonstrates that firm-level financial constraints systematically generate both emissions gaps and implementation gaps, constituting a first-order determinant of...

In my research on innovative enterprise and sustainable prosperity, I use the "theory of innovative enterprise" to examine how modes of corporate finance-founder investments, private placements, initial public offerings, retained earnings, secondary stock issues, employee stock options,...

This study investigates the relationship between lending standards and credit dynamics in Albania. Using a unique bank-level dataset from the Bank Lending Standards Survey, we differentiate between newly issued domestic-currency and foreign-currency loans to non-financial corporations. We...

Objective: This study investigates the impact of internationalisation on the indebtedness of construction companies in the Americas. We measured internationalisation as the share of exports in total revenues, reflecting a firm's engagement in cross-border sales. Research Design & Methods: The...

We study decentralized lending on Aave V3, the largest DeFi lending protocol by total value locked. Using transaction-level data, we analyze its revenue model, borrower behavior, and liquidation dynamics. We find that protocol earnings are concentrated in a few tokens, that many users engage in...