This paper uses a vulnerability-based approach to analyze the evolution of the middle class in Europe between 2005-08 and 2015-18. The analysis reveals that, on average, the income level needed to ensure a low probability of falling into poverty-also understood as the vulnerability...

Against the backdrop of a protracted conflict, The Republic of Yemen faces complex and multifaceted development challenges that demand the country's resources and attention. These challenges will worsen if the country remains vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate-related hazards....

This study examined the infuence of climate change vulnerability on the external debt vulnerability of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on the Vulnerable Twenties (V20s), utilizing panel data spanning from 2015 to 2020. The climate readiness, climate vulnerability, and external debt...

The need for country vulnerability profiles is linked to the difficulty of capturing in a single index, no matter how complex, the various kinds of vulnerability which developing countries may face. The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) being developed by the United Nations has not...

The Kingdom of Lesotho is a landlocked country in southern Africa. Large pockets of the population reside along the Senqu River Valley in the south-eastern reaches of the country, and some of the roads traverse this river to connect to the mountainous areas. Increasing temperatures and changing...

The Kingdom of Lesotho is a landlocked country in southern Africa. Large pockets of the population reside along the Senqu River Valley in the south-eastern reaches of the country, and some of the roads traverse this river to connect to the mountainous areas. Increasing temperatures and changing...

Disasters often have a decisive role in undermining household well-being. But specific outcomes diverge widely across different households and communities, due to dissimilar characteristics within the affected population, as well as disparities in disaster typology, severity, and scale. The...

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on household financial vulnerability in Cameroon. To achieve this objective, we use several estimation techniques to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial vulnerability as measured by two proxies: consumption...

[enter Abstract Body]This paper shows a new methodology to observe mathematically and graphically the vulnerability of the world economy in case of a pandemic (COVID-19) or war (Russian-Ukraine War). The main objective of this research is to evaluate the economic damage levels generated from war...

The COVID-19 crisis has led to substantial reductions in earnings. We propose a new measure of financial vulnerability, computable through survey data, to determine whether households can withstand a certain income shock for a defined period of time. Using data from the ECB Household Finance and...

We provide broad-based evidence of a firm size premium of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Europe after the Global Financial Crisis. The TFP growth of smaller firms was more adversely affected and diverged from their larger counterparts after the crisis. The impact was progressively...

Vulnerability drives disaster law—defining its successes and illustrating its failures. Although understanding vulnerability is critical to disaster law and scholarship, the literature lacks both an overarching analysis of the different aspects of vulnerability and a nuanced examination of the...

Recent research finds that benchmark-driven investment has increased markedly since the global financial crisis, a phenomenon that has arguably led to more volatile capital flows and increased vulnerability for emerging markets. We investigate how far this is true by examining the contribution...

Consumer vulnerability affects billions of consumers worldwide, yet there is no consensus about what constitutes this state or about its consequences for consumers. Indeed, while consumer vulnerability is often invoked in consumer research, it is usually discussed informally, with little...

The purpose of this study is to understand how countries have leveraged on their economic resilience to fight the Covid-19 pandemic. The focus is on a global sample of 150 countries divided into four main regions, namely: Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, America and Europe. The study...

Der Klimawandel wirkt sich auf die Häufigkeit, Intensität und das regionale Auftreten von Extremwetterereignissen sowie auf graduelle klimatische Veränderungen aus. Auch wenn Klimawandelfolgen regional beschränkt auftreten, breiten sie sich aufgrund der globalen physischen und...

The COVID-19 crisis has led to substantial reductions in earnings. We propose a new measure of financial vulnerability, computable through survey data, to determine whether households can withstand a certain income shock for a defined period of time. Using data from the ECB Household Finance and...

Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farm households as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase further. A clear understanding of households' vulnerability to...

The paper analyses the linkages from financial developments to public finances. It maps and discusses the transmission channels to fiscal variables. These channels include asset prices, financing conditions, balance sheets of banks, non-banks and central banks and international linkages. The...