This paper challenges the widespread public and institutional misconception that legal tender laws in English law compel creditors to accept payment in a specific form. We argue that legal tender is a narrow, procedural artefact with diminishing practical relevance. Through an analysis of...

Programmability is at the heart of ongoing work on the future of money and payments by central banks around the world. Despite its potential, there is growing concern that programmability conflicts with the provision of "good" money. This paper overviews key principles of "good" money and argues...

As instructors of Money and Banking, we regularly confront enduring questions: What is money? Is gold money? More recently, students ask whether shadow money, Bitcoin, or stablecoins qualify as money. These inquiries reflect a deeper puzzle: why do rational agents exchange valuable goods and...

We review the macroeconomic literature on retail central bank digital currency (CBDC), organizing the discussion around a CBDC-irrelevance result. We identify both fundamental and policy-related sources of relevance, or departures from neutrality. Bank disintermediation-the crowding out of...

This working paper integrates the credit money approach (associated with Post Keynesian endogenous money theory) with the state money approach (associated with Modern Money Theory) by drawing on Wray's 1990 book (Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach, Edward...

A monetary approach that combines Chartalism, Nominalism, and Command origins of monetary systems is often deemed to have emerged only recently, while the Aristotelian approach (Commodity, Metallism, and Market origins of monetary systems) is the only one that existed until the end of the...

This study aims to investigate the economic characteristics of cryptocurrencies and assess the current legal framework regarding the potential to regulate transactions involving cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. To achieve this goal, a complex set of general scientific and specialized...

The purpose of the essay is to understand the monetary working of various commodity standards, both historical and conceptual: common building brick, monometallic, bimetallic, symmetallic and commodity basket. We distinguish between the stocks market (money) and the flows market (commodity), and...

1. Introduction -- 2. The intellectual education of the young Ferdinando Galiani -- 3. Della Moneta (1750-1753) -- 4. Interlude (1754-1759) -- 5. The Parisian decade and the Dialogues (1759 – 1769) -- 6. The last years (1770-1787).

We study competition between monies that provide separate payment and non-payment (e.g., store-of-value) functions. Our central insight is that payment adoption is governed not by absolute payment superiority, but by comparative advantage between payment and non-payment roles. A money that is...

This paper provides a contextual analysis of the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador. First, we outline the historical context and the political situation of the period 2019- 24 that serve as context for the passage and implementation of the Bitcoin law (Decree No. 57). We...

This article explores cryptocurrencies and poses the research question, whether cryptocurrencies are the future of the currency market. The cryptocurrency market has undergone considerable growth, however given recent scandals of cryptocurrency markets and cryptocurrencies have led to increasing...

This book discusses the future of money and monetary policy in an increasingly digital world. Despite the rise of digital currency, the monetary regime, with its key features centered on fiat money, has remained essentially unchanged since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s....

In diesem Buch wird eine integrale Theorie der modernen Gesellschaft mit Tausch und Geld als zentrale Elemente entwickelt. Die vorgeschlagene Theorie ermöglicht einen neuen, radikalen Blick auf das, was Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und vor allem Geld ist. Der Autor baut seine Theoriearchitektur...

"Our Dollar, Your Problem argues that America's currency might not have reached today's lofty pinnacle without a certain amount of good luck. Drawing in part on his own experiences, including with policymakers and world leaders, Kenneth Rogoff animates the remarkable postwar run of the...

"Over the past two decades, monetary policy has been deployed in unprecedented ways, as central banks attempted to mitigate the adverse consequences of the 2007-2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 global lockdown, and recent inflationary surges. In Monetary Economics and Policy, Pierpaolo...

Currency is one of the most important of social and economic institutions. Evidently, the interrelation between monetary and economic power and stability is reciprocal. A strong and stable economy facilitates the achievement and maintenance of monetary stability; conversely, monetary stability...

This paper studies the potential of a cryptocurrency to become a medium of exchange. We use evidence from a natural experiment: In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to make bitcoin legal tender, and all economic agents were required to accept bitcoin for all...

The terms ‘property’ and ‘proprietary interest’ are routinely used in Australian law to represent the broad category of rights an individual may have with respect to tangible and intangible things. ‘Money’, ‘currency’, and ‘legal tender’ are examples of property that...

It is difficult for private agents to produce money that circulates at par with no questions asked. We study two cases of privately-produced money: pre-Civil War U.S. private banknotes and modern stablecoins. Private monies are introduced when there are no better alternatives, but they initially...

This paper studies the potential of a cryptocurrency to become a medium of exchange. We use evidence from a natural experiment: In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to make bitcoin legal tender, and all economic agents were required to accept bitcoin for all...

The purpose of this article is to evaluate if cryptocurrencies that have robust technology and anonymous features can be the money of the future. In this study, the transition phases of paper money, which started to be used at the beginning of the 17th century, to bank money, then banknotes and...

Computerization of social life enabled market participants to search for new forms of electronic payments. The share of cash in total payments is systematically decreasing, which poses the risk of being supplanted by other instruments, including cryptocurrencies. Central banks, therefore, faced...

We show that decentralized privately created money with unstable values can hinder the traded, more transaction-friction sensitive, sector of the economy. We do so in the context of the NationalBanking Act of 1864 in the United States that created a new federally-regulated, fully-backed currency...

Both in the popular mind and in many academic circles, it is said that Hayek and Keynes stood opposed; the one advocating markets, the other statism. But this image confuses the one-off of 'Keynesianism' with Keynes's overall economic approach, and so sets up a false debate. The tragedy is the...