This background paper highlights the urgent need for climate‑resilient sanitation systems as cities face increasing climate‑related pressures. The growing impacts of extreme weather events expose the deep interconnections between sanitation and other essential urban systems, including water...

This paper examines how regional economic diversity shapes economic resilience across European regions during major crises. Using sectoral diversity indicators at the NUTS-2 level, we analyze the impact of diversity on three dimensions of resilience: the depth of economic downturns, the strength...

This paper investigates whether crisis narratives affect how the judiciary handles tax evasion. We study this question in the context of the Greek debt crisis, in which tax evasion was publicly blamed for the fiscal collapse, and judges themselves experienced substantial salary cuts as part of...

After having several multidimensional crises affect Haiti for years, the country is at a critical juncture. Recognizing that tangible economic, social, and institutional recovery must accompany progress in the political transition, the government of Haiti launched the Rapid Crisis Impact...

This paper reports results from a preregistered survey experiment (ca. 2000) designed to test the connection between economic worries and individual attitudes toward migration and universalism. The experiment was conducted in Germany in February 2025, prior to the general elections, at a time...

Background: Professional burnout, characterized by three distinct psychological dimensions-emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal achievement-threatens elementary teachers' well-being and educational quality. Limited research examines burnout patterns in elementary...

Globale Krisen zeigen die Anfälligkeit von Lieferketten, besonders in Deutschland und Europa. Strukturelle Veränderungen wie Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und regionale Sicherheit erhöhen den Bedarf an importierten Rohstoffen. Bestehende Abhängigkeiten werden dadurch vertieft,...

Although it has been speculated that the pain and dislocation of the early 1990s left Russians with an abiding distaste for the values that animated the transition from communism, the quantitative evidence for a lasting effect is thin. Drawing on a large, regionally representative survey from...

Home to more than 1 billion people, the 39 emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) classified as being in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) are plagued by instability and weak institutions. This hinders their ability to attain the robust, sustained economic growth needed...

This World Bank report highlights the benefits of investing in resilient urban sanitation systems for people, economic growth, and the planet. The report presents a suite of policy, institutional, regulatory, and financing (PIRF) recommendations, and outlines actions that cities and countries...

This paper examines how social movements influenced Greece's macroeconomic adjustment during the financial crisis and austerity period (2010-2015). The purpose is to identify the channels through which mobilizations-anti-austerity protests, general strikes, youth actions, and solidarity...

This study examines the effects of Islamic finance on the resilience of Cameroonian SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. Analyzing data from 1358 SMEs using a multivariate probit model, we find that Islamic finance significantly boosts strategies like online marketing,...

This study examines the impact of economic conditions at college entry on post-graduation labor market outcomes, focusing on behavioral responses related to job market preparation and career advancement. Exploiting variation in regional unemployment rates within college entry cohorts, we utilize...

We study how students adjust their early career choices in response to economic crises and how these decisions affect their long-run labor market outcomes. Focusing on Sweden's deep recession in the early 1990s - which hit the manufacturing and construction sectors hardest - we first show that...

This study investigated the factors influencing the survival of Micro and Small Enterprises (MiSEs) in the Greenway Night Market in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. It employed OLS, Logit, and Ordered Logit regression models on data from 320 thriving MiSEs through structured questionnaires...

Some studies have provided empirical evidence that firms' high growth rates just before economic crises are negatively associated with resilience. Other authors have observed that firms that grow fast in the early phases of an external crisis are generally more resilient. This countercyclical...

Although it has been speculated that the pain and dislocation of the early 1990s left Russians with an abiding distaste for the values that animated the transition from communism, the quantitative evidence for a lasting effect is thin. Drawing on a large, regionally representative survey from...

During a major crisis, the transitional dynamics of conditional convergence are unlikely to apply. In this paper, we introduce a Markov chain approach which integrates the study of crises and convergence. We allow upwards and downwards mobility to change when a country enters a crisis regime. We...

In an era marked by repeated crises and the growing traction of populist movements, understanding the deep-rooted factors shaping EU cohesion has become increasingly urgent. This paper investigates how lifetime exposure to economic recessions influences individual attitudes toward the European...

Although it has been speculated that the pain and dislocation of the early 1990s left Russians with an abiding distaste for the values that animated the transition from communism, the quantitative evidence for a lasting effect is thin. Drawing on a large, regionally representative survey from...

In the UK, more than four decades have passed since the introduction of neoliberal economic policies by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. This duration provides sufficient time to evaluate the impacts of these policies. A critical question now arises: how can the UK address the enormous...

The United States experienced dramatic swings in fertility over the course of the early- and mid-20th century. This paper presents a novel explanation for these changes, linking the Great Depression to the contemporaneous fertility bust in the early 1930s, the baby boom from the late-1930s...

We estimate the causal effect of APOIAR, a targeted COVID-19 support initiative, on firm survival and performance. Using sharp and fuzzy regression discontinuity designs and three administrative datasets, we find that eligible firms experienced a short-term profitability increase in 2021, with...

This paper explores the central role of monetary governance, i.e., high politics and low politics, in protecting a currency's exchange rate and reducing its volatility during periods of global crisis. Using annual panel data from 15 developed and emerging economies between 2001 and 2023, and...

This study investigates contagion across oil markets in 22 countries during eight crisis episodes from 2007 to 2023 using linear, asymmetric, and extremal dependence tests alongside network analysis. The combination of these methods provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the...

Using a new database on global multinational production (MP), I document that world multinational enterprise (MNE) sales declined as sharply as trade during the Great Recession. This collapse was driven by MNEs from a few key headquarters countries, associated with steeper GDP declines in...

Collective action is essential during times of crisis. Yet, while some actors are able to use the momentum to initiate new collective action, others struggle to maintain existing collective action due to differences in immediate crisis responses. Thus, to act collectively in a crisis, it is a...