European infrastructure is currently facing a dilemma: on the one hand, liberalization and restructuring are far from being achieved on the way to a single European market; on the other hand, political and public pressure to provide “reliable” infrastructure is mounting. Both issues raise...

In recent years, credit and debit card systems have been the focus of significant antitrust inquiries and actions. Card-based payment businesses in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America have been investigated for their methods of determining interchange fees, exclusivity arrangements,...