A micro foundational episode of the early history of macroeconomics: A 1932 debate on Walrasian economics and multiple equilibria

This paper documents an early fork in the development of macroeconomics, by examining a debate between the Dutch economists Jan Tinbergen and Johan Koopmans. In a 1932 paper, Tinbergen argued that two firms could be stuck in a 'bad' equilibrium in the absence of a coordinated action to increase employment. Koopmans replied with a paper demonstrating that multiple equilibria in an exchange economy could not be ranked on the basis of their productive efficiency. This debate contributed to a larger turn away from dynamizing the general equilibrium model, towards the new field of macrodynamics, with long-ranging consequences for the field.