The wide diffusion of technologies, such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and 4G/5G, has enabled many cities to transform into hubs of digital transformation, deploying urban platforms, digital twins of cities and other digital ecosystems that leverage geospatial information. Smart cities are part of a wider trend, which has a strong element of location - the Smart Space, which also includes smart buildings and much more. A Smart Space can be defined as a combination of physical and digital environments in which people and technology-enabled systems interact in dynamic, inter-connected and intelligent ecosystems. Such Smart Spaces represent a new approach in terms of design and integration patterns and architectures to create new outcomes from legacy, new and emerging technologies and services. While we witness the market for Smart Spaces expanding, we lack a deeper understanding of its challenges and the possible solutions that location intelligence might provide. We see a particular opportunity to identify areas where the public sector can help address these challenges. It will thus inform relevant policies, such as the interoperability policy and the EU Data Strategy. Developing a benchmarking framework to analyse Smart Spaces in this context is particularly important to identify barriers, for example, in the interoperability of (location) data and technology, anticipating emerging market demands, and the derived recommendations for improving the status quo - especially for required actions of the public sector. This report details how the Smart Space Benchmark Framework was designed, highlights the insight gathered from the four case studies, presents an analysis of how to improve the use of location intelligence in Smart Spaces, and provides conclusions and recommendations. Our conclusions reflect and distil the outcomes of these areas of study, setting the key takeaways from benchmarking the roles of the public sector and location intelligence in a wider context and suggesting future research. Since this study is developed in the scope of the "European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government (ELISE)", Action 4.1 of the ISA2 Programme, we close with recommendations for the public and the private sectors with regards to location data and interoperability. The Framework can be used to benchmark Smart Spaces along four dimensions , structuring the collection of data to provide insight on the role of location intelligence in Smart Spaces and the role of the public sector. The first dimension allows understanding how, in a Smart Space, data is used to create public value using location intelligence. The second and third dimensions help to analyse in detail location data and intelligence and how it is exchanged, along the data value chain, the existing barriers and enablers, and the role of the public sector. The fourth dimension addresses the overall Smart Space by looking at its components and assessing its maturity level.
