Between Markets and the State : Scientists in Comparative Perspective

This article examines patterns of relations between modem states--in their varying forms -and scientific communities.1 I trace such relations to broader structures defining the role of scientists in society, arguing that the internal nature of politicoeconomic systems, on the one hand, and of their international position, on the other, leads to different models of interaction between states and their scientific communities. Thus, throughout the twentieth century different patterns of relations developed, for instance, in pluralist market economies with low levels of external conflict and high levels of economic interdependence than in noncompetitive centrally planned systems involved in international conflict but with little exposure to global markets