Comparative study of natural dolomitic rock and waste mixed seashells as heterogeneous catalysts for the methanolysis of palm oil to biodiesel

Natural dolomitic rock and waste mixed seashells were investigated as renewable sources for preparing heterogeneous catalysts for the methanolysis of palm oil to biodiesel as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at 60 °C and ambient pressure. After calcination at 800 °C, the dolomite as the mixed CaO·MgO catalyst possessed smaller CaO crystallites, a higher thermal stability and higher basicity than the pure CaO catalyst derived from the seashells. Although both catalysts gave the FAME yield >98% (w/w), the calcined dolomite exhibited a faster methanolysis rate and higher stability in use than the likewise calcined seashells. The linear correlation of the FAME yield to the amount of CaO phase containing in both catalysts supported that CaO was the active site. The catalyst deactivation was relevant to the formation of calcium glyceroxides. The presence of MgO dispersed in the CaO matrix was important for the superior physicochemical and catalytic properties of the natural dolomite calcined at 800 °C.