Determination of transport CO2 emission using the General Method of Moments: Empirical evidence from 16 countries

This study investigated the influence of economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization on transport CO2 emission by using the General Method of Moments in 16 industrialized countries from 2000 to 2008. From the results of this study, trade openness has a negative impact on transport CO2 emission and is not consistent with current theories. While economic growth was found to have a positive impact on transport CO2 emission, urbanization has a negative one. The result of economic growth and urbanization is consistent with the theories and also many studies. Lastly, taxes and fees, eco-driving, and environmental zone policies are recommended in order to lower transport CO2 emission in these 16 countries.