Dynamic linkages between tourism, transportation, growth and carbon emission in the USA: evidence from partial and multiple wavelet coherence

The present paper endeavors to analyze and provide fresh insights from the dynamic association between tourism, transportation, economic growth and carbon emission in the United States. The analysis employs a novel Morlet’s Wavelet Approach. Precisely, the paper implements Partial and Multiple Wavelet Coherence techniques to the monthly data spanning from 2001-2017. From the frequency domain point of view, the study discovers remarkable wavelet coherence and robust lead and lag linkages. The analysis discovers significant progress in variables over frequency and time. The variables display strong but inconsistent associations between them. There exist a strong co-movement among the variables considered, which is not equal across the time scales. The study may help the policymakers and regulars to devise strategies and formulate policies pertaining to tourism development, which can contribute towards environmentally sustainable economic growth.