The number of electric cars, vans, trucks and buses on the world's roads is rapidly increasing, with a larger variety of electric vehicle (EV) models commercially available. Nevertheless, typical users still have concerns when comparing them to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, such as short-range autonomy and higher prices, which are expected to be solved shortly. The development of a suitable charging infrastructure answering the needs of different stakeholders in the electromobility value chain and the adoption of efficient charging processes, especially smart charging, currently represent the major gap to be covered by most of the actors involved in this complex ecosystem. The EV charging process represents the tangible interface between transport and energy sectors and the crucial element for guaranteeing their successful development in the future energy systems providing a new flexibility resource for system operators (SOs). According to previously analysed charging use-cases, leaving the charging process uncontrolled might result in significant challenges for the power system, such as peak power demand due to cumulative effects in specific periods. In contrast, managing the charging process in terms of time scheduling and power profile (e.g. with efficient time-economic incentives) will not only limit the potential challenges but also open new opportunities. This can be achieved by time scheduling and power profile management, or through market-based mechanisms (e. g. flexibility markets). Several opportunities exist to profitably exploit EV charging, each having different aims and beneficiaries, and stacking them is possible to maximise the benefits. Smart EV charging can support the integration of a larger share of renewable energy source (RES) generation, by reshaping the power demand curve, supporting generation fleet adequacy, and reducing system costs and CO2 emissions. In addition, SOs will enable improved system management, both in terms of ancillary services and grid congestions, using the flexibility that the charging process of EVs can provide. EV users will also benefit from lower charging energy costs, more reliable services and by contributing to a more sustainable transport. The relevant aspects underpinning these required actions present a clear regulatory framework that supports a full deployment of EV charging, including the necessary reinforcements in networks, minimum technical requirements and standardisation, dynamic pricing definition and a novel market structure and rules. Additionally, a holistic view and architecture will be required to improve and enhance cooperation among the many different stakeholders from traditionally separated sectors: vehicles, batteries, electronic and automation industries, information and communications technology (ICT), data platforms and mobility service providers, transport and urban planning authorities, electricity market aggregators and operators, consumers and prosumers, and power grid operators. In this multiple and complex system integration effort, grid operators, acting in an unbiased and non-discriminatory manner both as operators of the entire power system's grid, are called to play a key role in supporting the optimal integration between the transport and the energy sectors. Despite the current level of technology readiness for EV adoption, demonstration activities and pilot projects will be crucial in testing proposed solutions and identifying open technical and regulatory issues. At the same time, studies should be performed to assess the most efficient solutions and business models. A strong cooperation among all the actors involved should also be pursued to define new efficient market features and proactively involve EV owners in participating in smart charging solutions.
