Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications in Smart Cities

T In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses upon discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). This review also covers charging technologies such as normal, medium, and fast charging and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. The applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, and to the best of our knowledge, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities