Energy Procurement Practices in the Water Sector Under Different Regulatory Models

This article provides an overview of various water utility regulatory models adopted in Europe by to determine allowed energy costs. It highlights instances where certain National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) demonstrated limited awareness regarding the importance of incentive schemes associated with energy procurement. Building upon existing models at the country level, a framework has been developed to identify a menu of alternatives for regulating energy purchasing prices in the water sector. The framework presents the pros and cons of each alternative, including their incentive power where applicable