European Integration and Industrial Relations : A Case of Convergence and Divergence?

European integration has led to considerable reflection about the trajectory of industrial relations in Europe. In the event, rather than the "two extremes of social union versus a completely deregulated free-for-all", a multi-level system is emerging which is simultaneously prompting both convergent and divergent developments, reflecting the different intensity of pressures for change at sector and company levels. For the foreseeable future, complexity, uncertainty and instability look set to be the defining characteristics, with policy-makers and practitioners seeking to influence directions to their own advantage. Especially uncertain is the impact of enlargement, bearing in mind the accession states' very different industrial relations systems and levels of economic development