Feedback, causality and distance between arma models

The purpose of this paper is to analyze in bivariate vector autoregression the relationship between feedback in stochastic systems, Granger causality and a measure of dissimilarity between ARMA models. In particular, we consider a bivariate vector autoregressive processes of order p (a bivariate VAR(p) process) and we prove if the distance between the univariate ARMA models implied by the VAR representation is greater than a certain number that is a function of p, then Granger causality must exist in at least one direction in the variables.