From additive manufacturing to 3d/4d printing 3 : breakthrough innovations: programmable material, 4d printing and bio-printing

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART 1. Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing -- Introduction to Part 1 -- 1. Programmable Matter or Smart Matter, Stimulated Organization and 4D Printing -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Natural (spontaneous) self-organization -- 1.2.1. Nonlinearities -- 1.2.2. Achieving the desired form? -- 1.3. "Smart" matter -- 1.3.1. Active polymers: photochemical muscles -- 1.3.2. Physical alterations -- 1.3.3. Distortion of metal parts -- 1.3.4. Conclusion -- 1.4. A transition to 4D printing: swimming robots -- 1.5. 4D Printing -- 1.5.1. Automation and robots -- 1.5.2. Origami -- 1.5.3. Octobot -- 1.5.4. Massive objects -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 1.7. Bibliography -- PART 2. Live "Smart" Matter and (Bio-printing) -- Introduction to Part 2 -- I.1. Introduction -- I.2. Background -- I.3. Bibliography -- 2. Bio-printing Technologies -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Tissue complexity -- 2.3. Bio-printing technologies -- 2.3.1. Cell preparation -- 2.3.2. Generic bio-printing technologies -- 2.3.3. Materials -- 2.3.4. Process-material couplings -- 2.3.5. Subsequent cell growth -- 2.4. Comment: 4D bio-printing -- 2.5. Other applications -- 2.5.1. Biological applications -- 2.5.2. Is it possible to feed ourselves thanks to bio-printing? -- 2.5.3. Bioluminescence and electronics -- 2.5.4. Bio-printed Bio-bots or "soft robots" produced by additive manufacturing -- 2.6. Conclusion -- 2.7. Appendix: 3D printing for biological applications -- 2.8. Bibliography -- 3. Some Examples of 3D Bio-printed Tissues -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Work on cartilage -- 3.2.1. General remarks on cartilage -- 3.2.2. Cartilaginous defects and treatments -- 3.2.3. Cartilage bio-printing -- 3.2.4. Primary results -- 3.3. Skin bio-printing.