Heat, Health, and Habitats : Analyzing the Intersecting Risks of Climate and Demographic Shifts in Austrian Districts

The impact of hot weather on health outcomes of a population is mediated by a variety of factors, including its age profile and local green infrastructure. The combination of warming due to climate change and demographic aging suggests that heat-related health outcomes will deteriorate in the coming decades. Here, we measure the relationship between weekly all-cause mortality and heat days in Austrian districts using a panel dataset covering 2015−2022. An additional day reaching 30 degrees is associated with a 2.4% increase in mortality per 1000 inhabitants during summer. This association is roughly doubled in districts with a two standard deviation above average share of the population over 65. Using forecasts of hot days (RCP) and demographics in 2050, we observe that districts will have elderly populations and hot days 2−5 standard deviations above the current mean in just 25 years. This predicts a drastic increase in heat-related mortality. At the same time, district green scores, measured using 10×10 meter resolution satellite images of residential areas, significantly moderate the relationship between heat and mortality. Thus, although local policies likely cannot reverse warming or demographic trends, they can take measures to mediate the health consequences of these growing risks, which are highly heterogeneous across regions, even in Austria.