Hierarchical relationships in France, between archaism and modernism

This research is based on 404 graduates’ accounts of their relationship with line managers. The relationship is viewed - positively or negatively - according to five defined categories of Management levels: “Chief, Boss, Supervisor, Head or N+1.” The more archaic the definition is, i.e., embodied power (Chief, Boss), the more negatively the relationship is experienced. The more modern the definition is, i.e., disembodied power (Supervisor, Head, N+1), the more positively the relationship is experienced.