How d = 3 QCD resembles d = 4 QCD

With a view to understanding the non-perturbative behavior of both theories, we discuss (in a gauge-invariant way) the dynamical similarities between (parity-conserving, quarkless) d = 3 QCD and d = 4 QCD. Both theories have gauge-invariant running charges with perturbative ghosts and one-loop-unstable vacua leading to gluon condensation. Non-perturbative extensions of these phenomena lead to spontaneous gluon mass generation, area-law confinement, and non-classical solitons.