How does public agricultural research impact society? A characterization of various patterns

This paper characterizes the various impact patterns generated by an agricultural public research organization (PRO), namely INRA (National Institute for Agronomic Research). We define an impact pattern as the combination of specific research outputs with specific actors that generates various types of impact. The analysis is based on information related to more than a thousand INRA innovations for which research outputs, beneficiaries, and impacts, have been codified. A classification based on the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) method is used to identify the seven main impact patterns.