International migration and school enrollment of the left-behinds in Albania: A note

We study the impact of international migration on enrollment of the left-behinds in Albania using the 2008 and 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey. We employ a 2-s tage Probit model controlling for endogeneity with an instrumental-variable approach. We find that migration has a negative and significant impact on enrollment in both waves. This result holds across different sub-samples and alternative ways to proxy within-household migration. Our findings strengthen results for previous years and cast doubts on the effectiveness of recent educational reforms and migration-oriented policies in Albania.