Investigating self-settled Syrian refugees' agency and informality in southern cities greater Cairo: A case study

Purpose - This paper aims at contributing to our understanding of how self-settled Syrian refugees (registered and non-registered) use informal practices to forge their non-political agency and how this agency could be considered as political acts. Design/methodology/approach - This paper was conducted per the qualitative data analysis (in-depth interviews and participant observation), attributed to the critical ethnographic approach, through which refugees' everyday struggle is explored, additionally, that was incorporated with the analysis of Syrians' Facebook groups and formal sources. Findings - The research paper concluded that everyday struggle strategies are considered as political acts by acquiring rights that many self-settled Syrian refugees are stripped of by international humanitarian agencies and host government. Hence, registered and unregistered refugees equally forge what is called "informal citizenship" through their presence via a blend of agency forms ranging from hidden agency to explicit one and via their incorporating into the informal contexts, leading them to carve a position of semi-legality that help them to circumvent the formal structural hardship. Originality/value - This paper endeavors to study how urban refugees as change agents can convert their illegal presence to "probably refugeeness" to unsettle the prominent recognition of them as illegal non-citizens in southern cities.