Market structure-driven discrimination and the earnings of subordinate managers: an analysis by union density

Recent work examines the market structure/racial earnings relationship for union and nonunion workers and finds that standardized union earnings protect black workers from market structure-driven earnings discrimination. This study examines the market structure/racial earnings relationship for lowand mid-level managers in high-and low-union density industries. Our findings indicate that there is less market structure-driven discrimination of managers in highly unionized industries. We suggest that there is a spillover effect of reduced market structure-driven discrimination of managers in highly unionized industries that stems from standardized, more racially equitable wages of union workers.