Network externalities between carriers or machines:How they work in the smartphone industry

In this paper, we consider a duopoly model where two firms sell two differentiated products and there is a network externality between either carriers or machines. We derive the equilibria of these games and illustrate the effects of a change in quality on the equilibrium quantity of each good. Furthermore, we compare fully compatible and incompatible equilibrium outcomes and discover some insights on relations between them. Such insights were not found in earlier studies that considered only the network externality between carriers.