On the theory of fluctuations around non-equilibrium steady states

A new method of finding nonlinear Langevin type equations of motion for relevant macrovariables and the corresponding master equation for systems far from thermal equilibrium is presented by generalizing the time-convolutionless formalism proposed previously for equilibrium hamiltoian systems by Tokuyama and Mori. The Langevin type equation consists of a fluctuating force, and the nonlinear drift coefficients which are always identical to those of the master equation. A simple formula which relates the drift coefficients to the time correlation of the fluctuating forces is derived. This is a generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of the second kind in equilibrium systems and is valid not only for transport phenomena due to internal fluctuations but also for transport phenomena due to externally-driven fluctuations. A new cumulant expansion of the master equation is also obtained. The conditions under which a Langevin and a Fokker-Planck equation of a generalized type for non-equilibrium open systems can be derived are clarified.