Optimal H2 Production and Consumption for Improved Utility Operations: Path to Net-Zero Emission Energy Production

In this study, we consider the perspective of the distribution system operator (DSO) that manages the DERs, especially H2 production and consumption by H2 systems, to reach the goal of net-zero emission energy production. It should be mentioned that a vertically integrated design is considered for the operation of the distribution network. To have realistic analysis of distribution network considering the power flow and voltage challenges, a standard 33-node distribution network, based on Fig. 1 including utility-operated natural gas power plants (combined cycle units and combustion turbine units), PV units, Battery energy storage (e.g. Li-ion batteries, Vanadium Redox flow batteries, etc.), and H2 systems (including electrolyzers, compressors, storage tanks, and FC units) are considered. Different types of voltage-dependent loads are considered such as critical, moderately-critical, and non-critical loads to resemble load types like hospitals, offices, grocery stores, etc. The goal of normal operation from grid operators' (utilities) perspective is to operate these assets to minimize the total operational and investment costs and maximize the green energy production for the power sector. Interested readers are encouraged to check. Simulation results for different case studies assume costs for the year 2050, and demonstrate that with considering H2 systems and Redox flow batteries, the net-zero emission energy production for electricity demand supply is achieved in high PV penetration levels while addressing the technical and physical network constraints.