Optimal regulation on building size and city boundary: An effective second-best remedy for traffic congestion externality

This paper numerically evaluates the efficiency of regulations on building size and city size in a congested closed city by comparing welfare gain with that achieved under a first-best toll regime. Results show that whereas the urban growth boundary (UGB) is a poor substitute for the toll regime as expected, an optimal regulation on building size in the presence of a suitably chosen UGB yields significant welfare gain, producing an effective substitute for a first-best toll regime. Moreover, the optimal regulation on the building size requires not only downward adjustment to the market population density at the boundary locations but also upward adjustment at the central locations.