Overcoming problems with harmonics and low power factors

Both the sources and solutions to the problems with harmonics and low power factor associated with energy-efficient discharge lamps (e.g. fluorescent or sodium) are described. An assessment of the performance of electronic ballasts, with relation to power factor and harmonics and the impact of recent developments in microelectronics on performance is presented. Recently low-harmonic, modular-type compact fluorescent lamps have been introduced into the market and should be promoted, due to their lower overall life-cycle cost and better performance. To ensure the market penetration of low harmonic distortion lighting equipment, standards are being introduced in Europe and the U.S. Incentives to promote equipment whose characteristics surpass the standards are also needed.