Privatization as choice probability, policy process and program outcome: The case of transportation management associations

Privatization of travel demand management products and services in urban and suburban activity centers is analyzed using data on transportation management associations. Private sector participation in transportation management is affected by both time and space. Private sector financial support is related to a priori participation. Implementation is influenced more by space at first, and more by time later on. Initiators play a key role in choosing transportation management products and services. Transportation management associations have moderate effects on individual travel behavior.