Protected areas under pressure : an online survey of protected area managers regarding social and environmental conservation target attainment and stakeholder conflicts

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognize the interconnectivity between a diverse set of agendas. Identifying policies and practices that can reconcile incompatibilities across goals remains a challenge. With concurrent biodiversity and climate crises, the world faces increased pressure to find effective options for building resilience in remaining intact landscapes and ecosystems, which is critical for making progress toward several SDGs. While pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems have intensified dramatically, recent studies have shown a high geographic coincidence between important ecosystems and social conflict. Considering this, it is critical to understand how to manage Protected Areas (PAs) to effectively deliver environmental and social dividends while also minimizing or effectively managing stakeholder conflict. In this study, we present the results of an online survey of PA managers administered in 2021 to explore these themes. We conduct correlational analysis to identify patterns in survey data provided by PA managers from a variety of geographies. Building upon previous studies on the interlinkages between PA governance and social conflict, our results highlight the real challenge conflict presents for conservation efforts. Our findings also indicate that broader and more inclusive involvement of a wide range stakeholders in PA management is critical for enabling better environmental and social outcomes, but many PA managers lack the resources and support needed to effectively involve a wide array of stakeholders. Future studies should undertake case studies and qualitative work to uncover the dynamics between stakeholder conflicts, exogenous shocks, and conservation in specific contexts.