R&D EXPENDITURE VOLATILITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: ORGANIZATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS

A common view is that organizational slack diminishes firm performance by providing management the opportunity to invest in pet projects or to engage in empire-building. An opposing perspective argues that organizational slack enhances innovation by enabling firms to invest in promising new R&D projects as soon as they are discovered, or to maintain R&D during operating shortfalls. In this paper, we identify empirically a context within which organizational slack enhances firm performance. Recent research indicates that firms that proactively manage their R&D functions by frequently and substantially modifying R&D expenditure over time are superior performers. I find that higher levels of organizational slack increase the positive relationship between R&D expenditure volatility and firm performance. Evidence presented herein suggests that firms with superior access to discretionary funds held as slack use these resources to fund nascent R&D projects and to mitigate uncertainty, thus driving more commercially valuable innovation. This is one of the few studies providing empirical evidence of the practical value of organizational slack.