Rapid literature review on motivating hesitant population groups in Europe to vaccinate

This rapid literature review by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Vaccine Trust Group is part of a European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) project entitled 'Comprehensive expert opinion on motivating hesitant population groups to vaccinate', managed by World Health Communication Associates. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as 'a behaviour, influenced by a number of factors including issues of confidence (level of trust in vaccine or provider), complacency (do not perceive a need for a vaccine, do not value the vaccine), and convenience (access). Vaccine-hesitant individuals are a heterogeneous group that are indecisive in varying degrees about specific vaccines or vaccination in general. Vaccine-hesitant individuals may accept all vaccines but remain concerned about vaccines, some may refuse or delay some vaccines, but accept others, and some individuals may refuse all vaccines' [1]. The aim of the rapid literature review is to bring together knowledge and research related to vaccine hesitancy in the EU and in EEA countries into a format that is easy to understand and follow. The review focuses on identifying what is known about:  who the hesitant populations are  what are enablers and barriers to vaccination uptake for these hesitant populations  what is known about successful interventions targeting these populations; especially, interventions provided for and by healthcare providers (HCPs). The results of this review are summarised in this document which lists all key references (peer reviewed and grey literature) with columns on country, targeted population, specific vaccine(s), identified determinants of hesitancy, intervention (if proposed), as well as an indication of whether the intervention was evaluated. Gaps in knowledge identified will be used to inform the development of a qualitative study in three countries. Knowledge gained from the rapid literature review and the qualitative study will be used to inform the development of a 'Let's talk about hesitancy' supplement to the ECDC 'Let's talk about protection' guide.