Real Rigidities and the Non-neutrality of Money.

Rigidities in real prices are not sufficient to create rigidities in nominal prices and real effects of nominal shocks. And, by themselves, small frictions in nominal adjustment, such as costs of changing prices, create only small nonneutralities. But, this paper shows that substantial nominal rigidity can arise from a combination of real rigidities and small nominal frictions. The paper shows the connection between real and nominal rigidity, given the presence of nominal frictions, both in general and for two specific sources of real rigidity, one arising from goods market imperfections and the other from labor market imperfections. Copyright 1990 by The Review of Economic Studies Limited.