Resolving the Conflict of Greens : A GIS-Based and Participatory Least-Conflict Sitting Framework for Solar Energy Development in Southwest Taiwan

Transitions to renewable energy is vital in reducing greenhouse gases and building a sustainable future. As large-scale renewable energy development expands, more land use conflicts are arising. Such conflicts are especially difficult in Taiwan, where the renewable energy goal is ambitious and land availability is limited. In this study, we develop a Participatory Least Conflict Solar Siting Framework which uses place-based stakeholder engagement paired with Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geographic Information System based multi-criteria decision making to identify suitable solar development sites. We use a case study to demonstrate how the framework can be used. The results show that if only 12% of the land with medium to high suitability are developed for solar energy generation, Tainan City and Chiayi County alone could support the government’s solar development goal for the entirety of Taiwan by 2025. Our study also reveals that the use of participatory methods in site evaluation and final site design is important to ensure true suitability. We suggest this framework be used to address the spatial mismatch between national level policy and local implementation, promote a participatory approach that supports place-based renewable energy collocation, and develop policy and regulations to support a just transition toward carbon neutrality